scholarly journals Regulation of miRNA content. Part 2. Degradation of miRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 384-390
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
V.L. Babуch
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cell ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mirna Content

The scientific review presents the process of regulation of microRNA content — microRNA degradation. To write the article, information was searched using databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library, CyberLeninka. The article presents the characteristics of the most important process of RNA metabolism — degradation of 3'→5' RNA. Degradation of microRNA is inherent in organisms of all kingdoms of life and is involved in the regulation of RNA representation, elimination of dysfunctional or incorrectly constructed RNA molecules and processing of RNA precursors. Exoribonucleases that affect the stability of mature forms of miRNA are presented. It is emphasized that XRN exoribonucleases degrade various RNA substrates during total RNA degradation and are involved in specific processes such as nonsense-mediated degradation, gene silencing, rRNA maturation, and transcription termination. It is shown that exoribonuclease XRN2 plays a crucial role in the termination of transcription during viral infection, namely it has cytoplasmic antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus. The role of RNA-degrading exosome in microRNA degradation is presented. RNA-degrading exosome is a ubiquitous complex and 3'-5'-endo- and exoribonucleases of eukaryotes, which interacts with several processing cofactors and degrades almost all classes of cytoplasmic RNA. The article reflects the function of evolutionarily conserved phosphorolytic 3'-5'-exoribonuclease — polynucleotide phosphorylase. The role of exoribonuclease 1, which is an evolutio­narily conserved 3'-5'-exoribonuclease of the DEDDh family, is involved in the final processing of 5.8S rRNA, replication-dependent histone mRNA, siRNA, and miRNA. Eri1 exoribonuclease has been shown to regulate global microRNA homeostasis in lymphocytes and to participate in NK cell development and antiviral response. Thus, one of the mechanisms of regulation of miRNA content is the most important process of RNA metabolism, which is inherent in organisms of all kingdoms of life, namely the degradation of miRNAs.

scholarly journals Regulation of miRNA content. Part 1. Editing miRNA. Тailing miRNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
V.L. Babуch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Transcriptional Elongation ◽  
Transcription Control ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Molecular Effects ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
Mirna Content

This scientific review presents the processes of regulation of miRNA content. To write the article, information was searched using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library, CyberLeninka databases. The article presents the characteristics of the processes of microRNA editing and microRNA tailing, which regulate the content of microRNA through the transcription control. It is emphasized that editing is the most important mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA that occurs with the help of RNA-specific adenosine deaminase. The article shows that editing leads to a change in the secondary structure of the microRNA mo­lecule and the deviation of the process of microRNA maturation. It is shown that microRNA tailing is a posttranscriptional elongation of the tail of the molecule by adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of RNA. It has been found that uridinylation is a very common posttranscriptional process that regulates gene expression. The effect of uridinylation on microRNA biogenesis has been demonstrated on the example of the miR let-7 family, which inhibits proliferation and promotes cell differentiation. It has been established that another type of microRNA tailing, namely adeny­lation, most often contri­butes to the stabilization of the molecule, but in some cases can lead to microRNA degradation. Thus, the regulation of miRNA content is carried out by editing miRNA, microRNA tailing. Due to editing, the secondary structure of the microRNA molecule changes and the microRNA maturation process deviates. MicroRNA tailing is a post-transcriptional elongation of the tail of the molecule by ad­ding nucleotides to the 3’-end of RNA by polyuridinylation or poly­a­denylation. Uridinylation affects the processing and degradation of miRNA precursors with different molecular effects, which in some cases contribute to the development of diseases.

scholarly journals The long Non-coding RNA Orchestrator of Cancer Axis of Evil Insights into the Multiple Modes of Action of the H19 Gene

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Imad Matouk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
H19 Gene ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna ◽  
Shed Light

Increasing evidence has indicated that the non-coding RNA molecules play central roles in almost all biological processes and many pathological conditions including carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the pathological tumorigenic role of the first discovered long non-coding RNA gene called H19 and its pivotal contribution to the cancer axis of evil. H19 RNA utilizes a variety of mechanisms to perform its pathological function. Some key unanswered questions are presented by the end. Understanding the H19 RNA mechanisms of action will shed light into the class of long non-coding RNA which contains thousands of members mostly with unknown function and will help in delineating the pathological role played by at least some of them.

scholarly journals The role of 3′ end uridylation in RNA metabolism and cellular physiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1762) ◽  
pp. 20180171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Zigáčková ◽  
Štěpánka Vaňáčová
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Rna Maturation ◽  
Cycle Regulation

Most eukaryotic RNAs are posttranscriptionally modified. The majority of modifications promote RNA maturation, others may regulate function and stability. The 3′ terminal non-templated oligouridylation is a widespread modification affecting many cellular RNAs at some stage of their life cycle. It has diverse roles in RNA metabolism. The most prevalent is the regulation of stability and quality control. On the cellular and organismal level, it plays a critical role in a number of pathways, such as cell cycle regulation, cell death, development or viral infection. Defects in uridylation have been linked to several diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the 3′ terminal oligo(U)-tailing in biology of various RNAs in eukaryotes and describes key factors involved in these pathways. This article is part of the theme issue ‘5′ and 3′ modifications controlling RNA degradation’.

scholarly journals Terminal nucleotidyl transferases (TENTs) in mammalian RNA metabolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1762) ◽  
pp. 20180162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Warkocki ◽  
Vladyslava Liudkovska ◽  
Olga Gewartowska ◽  
Seweryn Mroczek ◽  
Andrzej Dziembowski
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Mammalian Genome ◽  
Rna Decay ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Almost All

In eukaryotes, almost all RNA species are processed at their 3′ ends and most mRNAs are polyadenylated in the nucleus by canonical poly(A) polymerases. In recent years, several terminal nucleotidyl transferases (TENTs) including non-canonical poly(A) polymerases (ncPAPs) and terminal uridyl transferases (TUTases) have been discovered. In contrast to canonical polymerases, TENTs' functions are more diverse; some, especially TUTases, induce RNA decay while others, such as cytoplasmic ncPAPs, activate translationally dormant deadenylated mRNAs. The mammalian genome encodes 11 different TENTs. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the functions and mechanisms of action of these enzymes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘5′ and 3′ modifications controlling RNA degradation’.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs in Insects

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118
Author(s):  
Chhavi Choudhary ◽  
Shivasmi Sharma ◽  
Keshav Kumar Meghwanshi ◽  
Smit Patel ◽  
Prachi Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Insect Development ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Almost All

Only a small subset of all the transcribed RNAs are used as a template for protein translation, whereas RNA molecules that are not translated play a very important role as regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Besides traditionally known RNAs (ribosomal and transfer RNAs), ncRNAs also include small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The lncRNAs, which were initially thought to be junk, have gained a great deal attention because of their regulatory roles in diverse biological processes in animals and plants. Insects are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on this planet. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of lncRNAs in almost all aspects of insect development, reproduction, and genetic plasticity. In this review, we describe the function and molecular mechanisms of the mode of action of different insect lncRNAs discovered up to date.

scholarly journals The Immunomodulation Potential of Exosomes in Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Nk Cell Cytotoxicity ◽  
Noninvasive Biomarkers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Functional Components

Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles that originated from almost all types of cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes contain large amounts of noncoding RNA, DNA, and proteins, which can be transferred into recipient cells as functional components in exosomes. These exosomal functional constituents depend on the originating cells, and it has been proved that types and numbers of exosomal components differ in cancer patients and healthy individuals. This review summarizes the role of tumor-derived exosomes in immunomodulation and discusses the application of exosomes in immunotherapy in cancers. Overall, exosomes isolated from cancer cells are turned out to promote immune evasion and interfere with immune responses in tumors through inducing apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, facilitating generation of Tregs, suppressing natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, inhibiting maturation and differentiation of monocyte, and enhancing suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Mechanistically, exosomal functional components play a significant role in the immunomodulation in cancers. Moreover, based on the existing studies, exosomes could potentially serve as therapeutic delivery vehicles, noninvasive biomarkers, and immunotherapeutic vaccines for various types of cancers.

Michael Kelly, Hilary Footitt, Myriam Salama-Carr (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Zvada
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Speakers Of Other Languages ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
Almost All

This Handbook maps the contours of an exciting and burgeoning interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of language and languages in situations of conflict. It explores conceptual approaches, sources of information that are available, and the institutions and actors that mediate language encounters. It examines case studies of the role that languages have played in specific conflicts, from colonial times through to the Middle East and Africa today. The contributors provide vibrant evidence to challenge the monolingual assumptions that have affected traditional views of war and conflict. They show that languages are woven into every aspect of the making of war and peace, and demonstrate how language shapes public policy and military strategy, setting frameworks and expectations. The Handbook's 22 chapters powerfully illustrate how the encounter between languages is integral to almost all conflicts, to every phase of military operations and to the lived experiences of those on the ground, who meet, work and fight with speakers of other languages. This comprehensive work will appeal to scholars from across the disciplines of linguistics, translation studies, history, and international relations; and provide fresh insights for a broad range of practitioners interested in understanding the role and implications of foreign languages in war.

The Pathophysiological Role of Chemokines in the Regulation of NK Cell Tissue Homing

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bernardini ◽  
Angela Santoni
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cell ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Pathophysiological Role

MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF SARCOPENIA PATHOGENESIS IN CHRONOC KIDNEY DISEASE: INTEGRATED ROLE OF mTOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Gasanov
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Cytoskeleton Organization ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
End Stage

In recent decades, the main pathogenetic mechanisms for maintaining muscle mass and strength have been discovered. Most of the scientific papers on the molecular aspects of the  pathogenesis of sarcopenia were focused on the Akt-signaling  pathway. The subject of the study were people of elderly and senile  age, immobilized patients, patients with CKD 1-4 stages, animals. However, recently more attention has been paid to the role  of protein – the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. It seems to be a key link in the control of muscle mass and is a promising  marker in understanding the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of  sarcopenia. Its importance in protein metabolism in patients with  end stage kidney disease is not studied and requires further research. The presented scientific review contains  information on the role of mTOR and its components – mTORC1 and mTORC2 in maintaining muscle mass and strength in a healthy  person and in the formation of sarcopenia in patients with CKD. The  general aid of mTORC1 complex is regulation of protein production  which is necessary for cell growth and differentiation. mTORC2  complex functions are not enough studied. It is established that it  plays important role in such biological processes as cytoskeleton  organization, intracellular homeostasis maintaining, so it provides  cell resistance and cell survivability in negative external and internal  impulses. mTOR protein can be considered as promising molecular  marker in diagnostics of protein metabolism early disturbances in  patients with CKD and also as additory factor of sarcopenia severity assessment.

ON EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF THERMAL AND WIND FACTORS FOR A PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE WORLD OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
V. G. Neiman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The main content of the work consists of certain systematization and addition of longexisting, but eventually deformed and partly lost qualitative ideas about the role of thermal and wind factors that determine the physical mechanism of the World Ocean’s General Circulation System (OGCS). It is noted that the conceptual foundations of the theory of the OGCS in one form or another are contained in the works of many well-known hydrophysicists of the last century, but the aggregate, logically coherent description of the key factors determining the physical model of the OGCS in the public literature is not so easy to find. An attempt is made to clarify and concretize some general ideas about the two key blocks that form the basis of an adequate physical model of the system of oceanic water masses motion in a climatic scale. Attention is drawn to the fact that when analyzing the OGCS it is necessary to take into account not only immediate but also indirect effects of thermal and wind factors on the ocean surface. In conclusion, it is noted that, in the end, by the uneven flow of heat to the surface of the ocean can be explained the nature of both external and almost all internal factors, in one way or another contributing to the excitation of the general, or climatic, ocean circulation.

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