scholarly journals Variation in Diachronic Translation of Bible

Author(s):  
Georgy T. Khukhuni ◽  
Irina I. Valuitseva ◽  
Anna A. Osipova

Variation is one of the most commonly used concepts in translatology. To one degree or another, it becomes obvious in an interlingual transfer of texts of various genres; however, first of all, one has to deal with it when translating pieces of fiction (broadly speaking). This becomes especially evident in cases when one and the same source text has several versions in another language (or in other languages). First of all, this applies to the Bible, which surpasses other literary masterpieces in the number of existing translations into different languages and also has the longest tradition of interlingual transfers. Such fact determines the relevance of the subject of this article. Despite a large number of studies on various aspects of the Holy Writ translations, a number of issues related to their variation cannot be considered fully investigated, which makes it possible to speak of the scientific novelty of this article. A few fragments of the versions created in different languages were used as the material for this research, and the method of comparative analysis was applied for their study. The research results lead to the following conclusions: a) the variation in different translations of the selected fragments may be caused by both objective and subjective factors; b) the availability of the so-called unclarities in the source text, which allow for different interpretations, leads to significant differences in their representation in the target language; c) the aiming for pragmatic adaptation of the content for a foreign cultural audience in a number of cases entails the replacement of realities, sometimes distorting the actualness shown in the original text; d) modern translations may reflect issues related to political correctness, an inclusive language, etc., which do not always correspond to the ideology of the source text.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
Georgy T Khukhuni ◽  
Irina I Valuitseva ◽  
Anna A Osipova

The purpose of this article is to study the issue of key features of the so-called cultural words (realia) in sacred texts (the Bible is taken as an example) as well as a distinctive nature of their cross-language transfer. This problem is essential not only for the Bible translation as such but it also enables to clarify some aspects related to the representation of the vocabulary with cultural identity in the target language that is explained by the very nature of the Old and New Testaments containing a wide variety of the realia that refer directly to a religious cult and to the everyday life of Palestinian people and their neighborhood in the Bible times. The material for the present research includes versions of the Holy Writ created in different periods in a number of languages (Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian and English). While analyzing, the classical translations labelled often as “national” ones have been used (the King James Bible, Synodal Translation), as well and the versions created in the 20th and 21st centuries. The main approach applied herein is the identifying of the corresponding units in the said Bible texts, the ascertainment of the possibility of their ambivalent interpretation, the correlation within the considered versions of translation, the determination of translation strategies used for representing the realia and their comparative analysis. When considering the options presented, special attention has been paid to extra-linguistic factors, since they often play a decisive role in solving the said task. The key results of the made survey can be formulated as follows: 1) since translations could have been made from different versions of the source text, there are cases when certain realia are available in some translations but are missing in others; 2) the use of transcription / transliteration of the realia in Russian versions of the Old Testament in some cases is determined by their representation in the Greek and Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and therefore in both the Synodal and the new translations they can be presented in a form different from that available in European languages; 3) the representation of the Greek word diopetês ( fallen from heaven ) as the proper name Diopet in the Synodal Translation is usually qualified as an elementary mistake, but it could have been also provoked by an intention to follow Greek and Church Slavonic traditions; 4) the existence of the so-called ‘undefined realia’ in the source text, an exact meaning of which is not known, causes their various interpretations in the target language; 5) during the analysis of the units of the target language used in the translation of the Holy Writ, the diachronic aspect must be taken into account considering, on the one hand, the possibility of losing or changing the meaning in the course of linguistic evolution, and on the other hand, avoiding vesting the reality with the meaning that it could not have; 6) a number of translations made in recent decades are characterized by a pronounced pragmatic orientation, in some cases causing a significant neutralization of the national-cultural specificity or its adaptation to the corresponding cultural environment, the degree of admissibility of which in some cases is controversial. The above items enable to clarify a number of aspects related to the methods of translating the realia and the importance of such aspects for attaining the translation adequacy.


Author(s):  
Елена Викторовна Иванова ◽  
Екатерина Владимировна Оботнина ◽  
Марина Юрьевна Евпак

Введение. Проанализированы способы передачи стилистической конвергенции при переводе с русского языка на английский. Явление конвергенции стилистических приемов недостаточно подробно изучено ни стилистикой с точки зрения ее языковой реализации, ни переводоведением в плане передачи в переводе всего объема семантической, стилистической и прагматической информации, транслируемой автором с использованием указанного феномена. В научных исследованиях нередко рассматривается проблема передачи того или иного стилистического приема, но не их совокупности, что, несомненно, усложняет работу переводчика. Постановка такой проблемы в рамках данного исследования необходима для определения наиболее эффективной переводческой стратегии передачи конвергенции стилистических приемов в тексте перевода. Цель статьи – выявить и проанализировать способы передачи конвергенции стилистических приемов с языка-источника на язык перевода в плане сохранения ее прагматической функции. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужил роман Л. Толстого «Анна Каренина» и его перевод на английский язык, выполненный Маргарет Ветлин и опубликованный изданием Progress Publishers в 1978 г. Объектом исследования является конвергенция стилистических приемов, предметом – способы ее передачи с русского языка на английский. В работе нашли применение общенаучные и лингвистические методы исследования, в том числе описательный и сравнительно-сопоставительный. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлено, что полное сохранение конвергенции в переводе встречается редко в силу лексических и структурных особенностей двух языков. Из 70 выявленных единиц текста 24 % составляют те, в которых стилистическая конвергенция была полностью сохранена при переводе. Передача стилистической конвергенции методом замещения или добавления некоторых ее элементов при переводе также встречается довольно редко (12 и 17 % соответственно). Наиболее частотным является способ передачи стилистической конвергенции с опущением при переводе тех или иных стилистических приемов оригинала (47 %). Что касается прагматических функций стилистической конвергенции, то они, в большинстве своем, сохраняются при переводе, при этом усиливая или, наоборот, ослабляя стилистический эффект текста оригинала. Заключение. В работе дан краткий обзор истории изучения явления стилистической конвергенции и приведены основные определения данного феномена. В ходе анализа материала исследования рассмотрены стилистические приемы, формирующие стилистическую конвергенцию в художественном тексте, проведен сопоставительный анализ текстовых единиц с применением конвергенции стилистических приемов в тексте оригинала и тексте перевода, выявлены наиболее частотные способы передачи стилистической конвергенции с русского языка на английский. Кроме того, проанализированы прагматические функции стилистической конвергенции и рассмотрены возможности их сохранения при переводе. Introduction. This article carries out the analysis of the ways the stylistic convergence is rendered from Russian into English. The phenomenon of convergence has been thoroughly studied neither by the stylistics as far as its speech implementation is concerned, nor by the theory of translation taking into account all the semantic, stylistic and pragmatic information expressed by the author by means of convergence that needs to be rendered in translation. Quite often, scientific research studies the problem of transferring a particular stylistic device rather than their converged group which obviously complicates the translator’s work. The problem thus stated is aimed at revealing the most effective translation strategy for rendering the stylistic convergence in the target text. Aim and objectives. The aim of the article is to single out and analyze the ways the convergence of stylistic means is rendered from the source language into the target language maintaining its pragmatic function. Material and methods. The material for the study is the novel “Anna Karenina“ by L. Tolstoy and its translation in English by Margaret Wettlin published by Progress Publishers in 1978. The object of the research is convergence of stylistic means, the subject is the ways of its transference from Russian into English. The basis of the methodology lies in the scientific and linguistic methods including the descriptive and comparative ones. Results and discussion. The research has shown that the complete transference of the convergence is rather rare due to the lexical and structural peculiarities of the two languages. Having analyzed 70 text units we have come to the conclusion that 24 % of them are those in which the stylistic convergence is preserved in the target text. The stylistic convergence is rendered by substituting or adding some of its components in 12 % and 17 % of units respectively. The most frequent (47 %) are the cases when some of the converged stylistic means of the source text are omitted in translation. As for the pragmatic functions of the stylistic convergence, they are in most cases retained in the target text enhancing or, on the contrary, weakening the stylistic effect of the original text. Conclusion. The article gives a short historical overview of studying stylistic convergence and covers its main interpretations. The analysis of the research material includes the study of stylistic means that form the stylistic convergence in the literary text, the comparative analysis of the text units containing the stylistic convergence both in the source text and in the target text. We revealed the most frequent ways of rendering the stylistic convergence from Russian into English. In addition, we analyzed the pragmatic functions of the stylistic convergence as well as the ways they can be retained in translation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-561
Author(s):  
Khalida Sharif ◽  
Parveen Akhtar Farhat ◽  
Saeed Ahmad ◽  
Qazi Muhammad Saeed Ullah

The present research study is based on comparative analysis of two different translations done by two different writers of the same poem of Bulleh Shah, a renowned Sufi poet. Researcher selected the model of Eugene Nida’s principle of equivalent effect as the framework of this research article. Equivalent effect and feel is the vital element of the theory of translation presented by Eugene A Nida(1964). Nida (1964) claims that the analysis of the surface structure of the source text (ST) makes it easy to transfer the source language content and form into target language. Ju Miao (2000) mentions in his research article that before the publication of “toward a science of translating (1964) translation usually focused on literal translation or free translation.  Researcher selected the translation of a poem which is written by Bulleh Shah and translated by two different writers one by Kartar Singh Duggal and other translation by Suman Kashyap. Researcher made a comparative analysis by using the Eugene Nida’s approach of translation theory which is based on principle of equivalent effect.  The purpose of the study is to analyze that either these translations convey the content, form and feel of the original text or not in the perspective of Nida’s approach of translation. Findings are taken after making the comparison by keeping the principle of equivalent effect in mind. This research article will be helpful to understand the original effect and sense which is used by Bulleh Shah and will help to find out how much close these translations are with source text.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
Aigul Yessentemirova ◽  
Kuralay Urazaeva

The paper is focused on the study of literary translation as a type of rhetorical communication. The subject being analysed is that national conceptual sphere can be a reliable criterion for the authenticity of translation. The topic of the research is that national conceptual sphere regarded as a means of illocutionary influence and a source of differences in rhetorical conscience of the author of the original text as well as the translator and the addressee. A comparative analysis of Russian and Kazakh translations of Robert Burns’ ballad “John Barleycorn” is carried out. The comparison is based on the structure of rhetorical communication, national conceptual sphere, prosody parameters and genre features. The similarities and differences of the translations are specified. The similarities are shown in referential, strophic and genre proximity of the original and translations.


Author(s):  
أكمل خزيري عبد الرحمن (Akmal Khuzairy Abd. Rahman)

ملخص البحث:   تحاول هذه الدراسة تحديد الملامح العامة لترجمة القرآن الكريم إلى اللغة الملايوية من خلال تاريخ نشأتها وتطورها، وتركز على خصائص تلك الترجمات والأساليب اللغوية التي أثرت في اللغة الهدف نتيجة الترجمة. لقد ترجم القرآن الكريم اللغة الملايوية منذ القرن السابع الميلادي ومرت بمراحل تنوعت وتغيرت فيها أساليب المترجمين، وطرقهم في التعامل مع القرآن الكريم، ورغم هذه التطورات التي طرأت على أساليب اللغة الهدف فقد لوحظ بأن هؤلاء المترجمين اشتركوا في بعض المبادئ التي تخص بكيفية تعاملهم بالنص القرآني، ولمثل هذه الدراسة أهمية لوضع الملاحظات العامة بشأن ترجمة القرآن الكريم إلى إحدى لغات المسلمين. وجدت الدراسة بعض النتائج المهمة في مجال الترجمة إلى الملايوية، وهي كما يأتي: الاستفادة من التاريخ والخصائص والأساليب لترجمات القرآن الكريم إلى اللغة الملايوية، وأن وجود مراحل متعددة في ترجمات كاملة باللغة الملايوية دليل ساطع على استمرارية تواصل مسلمي المنطقة وتعاملهم مع القرآن الكريم الذي نزل بلغة قريش (العربية الفصحى أو الفصيحة)، وأن اعتمادهم على الترجمات لم يهدف إلى تبديل النص القرآني بما لديهم من الترجمات، وأنها لا يمكن أن تكون بدائل للأصل لديمومة تطور اللغة الملايوية التي في حد ذاتها تذهب بعنصري الثبات والإقرار من تلك الترجمات الملاوية، أن المترجمين للقرآن الكريم إلى الملايوية التزموا بالترجمة التي تميل إلى النص الأصل، وتمسكوا بجعل ترجماتهم في خدمة معاني القرآن الكريم.الكلمات المفتاحية: ترجمة القرآن الكريم– اللغة الملايوية– الخصائص الأسلوبية– مبادئ الترجمة– أساليب ملايوية جديدة. Abstract:This study attempts to determine the general characteristics of the translation of the holy Koran into Malay language through its history and development. It focuses on the characteristics of those translations and language styles that influenced the target language as well. The holy Koran had been translated since the seventeenth century and went through the periods of time that witnessed the change in the styles of the translators and their approaches in dealing with its verses. Notwithstanding these developments that were brought upon the target language, the translators did share some common grounds in dealing with the sacredness of the holy Koran. The study is important as it tries to come up with general observations on how the holy Koran was translated in one of the biggest language of the Muslims. It concludes that the various stages of translation indicated the continuity of the efforts to translate the holy Koran and the Muslims interaction with the holy revelation in this part of the world. Their dependence on the translation is not with the purpose of substituting the original as these translations will never be able to replace the original due the constant development of the target language that deny the stability of language style. Finally the translations were carried out under the shade of the original text and with the source text orientation. Keywords: Translation of the Holy Koran– Malay Language– Characteristics of Styles– Principles of Translation– New Malay Language Styles. Abstrak:Kajian ini berusaha untuk menentukan sifat-sifat umum bagi proses penterjemahan al-Quran kepada bahasa Melayu iaitu dengan menumpukan kepada sejarah perkembangannya. Kajian ini turut memfokuskan kepada ciri-ciri penterjemahan tersebut dan penggunaan gaya bahasa yang mempengaruhi bahasa sasaran. Hakikatnya, al-Quran telah diterjemah ke dalam bahasa Melayu sejak kurun ketujuh. Proses penterjemahan ini telah melalui beberapa peringkat yang menyaksikan perubahan pada penggunaan gaya bahasa dan pendekatan para penterjemah dalam menterjemahkan al-Quran. Namun demikian, para penterjemah berkongsi pandangan yang sama dalam menggunakan prinsip-prinsip berkaitan dengan penterjemahan al-Quran. Kajian ini penting kerana menonjolkan pemerhatian umum tentang bagaimana ayat-ayat al-Quran diterjemahkan ke dalam salah satu bahasa yang digunakan secara meluas oleh orang Islam. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa proses penterjemahan yang telah melalui pelbagai peringkat menunjukkan kesinambungan usaha dalam menterjemahkan al-Quran dan wujud interaksi antara orang Islam dan al-Quran. Kebergantungan mereka dalam proses penterjemahan bukan bertujuan untuk menukar maksud yang terkandung dalam ayat-ayat al-Quran, bahkan hasil terjemahan tidak akan sekali-kali boleh menggantikan keaslian ayat al-Quran yang bersifat kekal dan tetap. Justeru, para penterjemah dilihat lebih memelihara bahasa asal, namun dalam masa yang sama masih menjaga maksud yang terkandung dalam ayat al-Quran supaya kesucian al-Quran terpelihara.Kata Kunci: Penterjemahan Ayat-ayat al-Quran- Bahasa Melayu- Ciri-ciri Gaya Bahasa- Prinsip Penterjemahan- Gaya Bahasa Melayu yang Baru.          


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Nur Fauziah Fatawi

Translator is an effort to move the meaning of the source text  into the target language the transfer of meaning related to the message the writer wants to convey. Likewise in the translation of the book Ami>rah Fi> al-Mir'a>h by Lina Kaylani. The problem of translation arises when the collocation is translated by following the original Arabic pattern without adjusting to the target language, be it context, vocabulary, or sentence structure. Collocation is a permanent association between words and other words that coexist in a sentence. Mona Baker states that collocation is a rather flexible language pattern which allows several variations of form. The purpose of this study is to find the collocation expressions (‘Iba>rah al-Mutas}a>h}ibah) and how to translate it. This research results that the researcher found 23 kinds of collocation expressions and has two ways in translating them, as follows; The translator must choose the exact and appropriate words for the collocation expressions in the Arabic language, or the translator must search for their equivalence and the translator must search for the same phrase in the Indonesian language, the phrase in which it is considered accompanying.


Author(s):  
Henrietta László

The present article is a comparative analysis of negative politeness strategies in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility and the Hungarian translation in Értelem és érzelem translated by Gerda Barcza. The aim of the article is to examine whether the politeness strategies applied by the characters in the source text remain the same type of politeness strategies in the target text as a result of the translation process. The article also endeavours to establish whether the politeness strategies employed by the characters in the Hungarian translation mirror the same character traits as in the original text. The article presents the parallel analysis of the negative politeness strategies in the source text and the target text used by several characters in the novel. The comparative analysis explores whether there are any changes in the characters’ linguistic behaviour as a result of the translation process. In order to show the differences between the source and the target text, we apply back translation, a translation that is as literal as possible to demonstrate the change of the politeness strategy. When no change is identified, no back translation is applied, only a detailed analysis and explanation is offered. The article presupposes that the politeness strategy in question will show only a slight change, therefore the characters will mirror the same traits as in the original text. The article ultimately aims to prove that the translation of the novel entitled Sense and Sensibility will not alter Jane Austen’s specific way of characterization.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Marzena Zawanowska

With a perfectly faithful translation being but a pipe dream, every interpreter exercises certain degree of freedom in choosing what he perceives as the most appropriate representation of the source text in the target language. This flexible dimension is discernible also in overall literalistic approach of medieval Karaite translators of the Hebrew Bible into Arabic. The article focuses on non-theological alterations demonstrated in their renderings of scriptural verses, which are intended to modify rather than clarify the original meanings. It pays special attention to distinct ways in which these exegetes cope with the descriptions of indecent, improper or irrational behavior from the revered Forefathers—Patriarchs, Matriarchs and prophets of the Jewish nation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orest Tolochko ◽  

Topicality of the problem raised in this article is determined by insufficient representation of J. Barnes’ creative phenomenon, in particular his prose translation studies analysis, in the Ukrainian philological science. Complex nature of the postmodern belles-lettres discourse elucidation has been conditioned by its intertextuality and genre heterogeneity of its text parts. Non-linear narration together with the intricate combination of discourse samples belonging to various genres and styles in the text framework. Thus, the realistic illusion is made by means of its consideration from the psycholinguistic point. The latter concerns conceptual opposition emphasis as well the separate units stressing. An illusion is also made of the discourse parts reference to different psycho-emotional dominants; the latter generates the text versatility interpretations. In the analyzed work of fiction inversion (in combination with other stylistic means) performs semantic (plot-forming) and stylistic (expressive and pragmatic) functions. Inverted word order with an emphatic do is used for the subject elements emphasis; the negative inverted statements intend to intensify certain semantic components stressing in micro- and macrocontextual structure; inverted sentences with an introductory there were applied to emphasize and describe the depicted world picture components as the personages’ psycho-emotional state indicators. The final analyzed sample provides a vivid example of the above. The emotive colouring has been achieved by actualizing expressive means belonging to different language levels; especially frequent is the use rhetoric questions and statements. The key feature of the translated text has been focused on rendering the functional and stylistic parameters of the source text into the target language. The compensatory means applied in the target text comprise inherent and adherent expressive elements of different language levels, punctuating marks intending to convey the belles-lettres text melodic sounding, and lexical units belonging to various registers.


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