Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli  and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O:6,8) in Broiler Chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of Salmonella sp., a standard method was used with pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, selective plating and biochemical identification steps. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed with disk diffusion technique and the following antibiotics were tested: ampicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, polymyxin B, gentamycin, cloranfenicol, tetracycline, azithromycin and fosfomycin. According to the methodology used, 95.9% of samples were positive for Escherichia coli and the most frequent resistance was to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Salmonella sp. was isolated from 0.2% of the samples, which were identified as the serotype Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica O:6,8. Both isolates presented the same antimicrobial resistance profile, which were resistant to six, out of ten tested antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ceftiofur).Discussion: The low prevalence of Salmonella observed in this study have also been reported by other studies performed in poultry farms in Ceará State, which suggests a good status for this pathogen in the local industry, however further efforts in order to eradicate this pathogen must be applied. The salmonella serotype detected in this study is rarely reported in the literature, especially from the poultry industry. In Brazil, the use of tetracyclines, quinolones and penicillins as feed additives or growth promoters is prohibited; however, a high resistance to drugs from these groups was detected. In addition, multidrug resistant E. coli isolates presented more elevated rates than other studies reported in the literature with antibiotics commonly used in the poultry industry and this may indicate an excessive use of these drugs in the production routine. These results should serve as a warning for surveillance programs to evaluate the incidence of these microorganisms as well as their antimicrobial resistance rates, which may be an important tool for control and prevention in meat poultry production.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chickens in Zambia

10.21203/rs.2.14062/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Open Markets

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries like Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella isolated from dressed broiler chickens purchased from open markets and supermarkets in Zambia.Results A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux ® ) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 different antibiotics and multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tetA, Sul1 and CTXM. AST results were entered and analyzed in WHONET 2018 software. A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were identified. Among the E. coli isolates, Tetracycline recorded the highest resistance of 79.4%, followed by Ampicillin 51.9%, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 49.7%, Nalidixic Acid 24.3%, Chloramphenicol 16.4%, Cefotaxime 16.4%, Ciprofloxacin 10.1%, Colistin 7.4%, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 6.9%, and Imipenem 1.1%. Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the isolates possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.Conclusion This study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw broiler chickens from both open markets and supermarkets. Such resistance is of public health concern and measures need to be put in place to regulate the use of these antimicrobials in poultry production.

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Antimicrobial resistance prevalence of pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli in food-producing animals in Belgium

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift ◽

10.21825/vdt.v83i5.16634 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 225-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Chantziaras ◽

J. Dewulf ◽

F. Boyen ◽

B. Callens ◽

P. Butaye

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Commensal Bacteria ◽

The Other ◽

E Coli ◽

Veal Calves ◽

Veal Calf

In this article, detailed studies on antimicrobial resistance to commensal E. coli (in pigs, meatproducing bovines, broiler chickens and veal calves) and pathogenic E. coli (in pigs and bovines) in Belgium are presented for 2011. Broiler chicken and veal calf isolates of commensal E. coli demonstrated higher antimicrobial resistance prevalence than isolates from pigs and bovines. Fifty percent of E. coli isolates from broiler chickens were resistant to at least five antimicrobials, whereas sixty-one percent of bovine E. coli isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. On the other hand, bovine pathogenic E. coli isolates showed an extended resistance profile with more than half of the isolates being resistant to ten or more antimicrobials. The results are not significantly different from the results from previously published studies on commensal bacteria in pigs in Belgium, although different methodologies of sampling and susceptibility testing were used.

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Blood profile of broiler chickens fed supplemented garlic-based diets

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i3.2600 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 253-262

Author(s):

M. D. Olumide ◽

O. O. Odunowo

Keyword(s):

Cholesterol Level ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Control Diet ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Blood Profile

Conventional supplements have been criticised for their potential negative impact on the food chain. Poultry researchers and nutritionists have been searching for viable alternative feed additives. Poultry production is still facing challenges of diseases and a lot of research are still on going. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the blood profile of broiler chicken. One hundred and fifty-day old Marshal strains of broiler chicken were assigned to five dietary treatments with thirty birds in a Completely Randomized Design. The thirty chicks were subdivided into three replicates of 10 birds each. Feed and water were offered ad libitum and mortality was recorded as it occurred. Blood were collected from two birds per replicate to determine haematological and serum biochemical responses. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in the haematological response and serum biochemistry profile of broilers fed experimental diets, with the exception of the Cholesterol level which significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the level of inclusion of the garlic increased, with the control diet having the highest value (135.38mg/dL) while the least value (129.80mg/dL) was obtained from diets containing 0.8% inclusion of garlic. Therefore, the inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) in the diets of broiler chicken had no deleterious effects on the blood profile of the experimental birds but improved the cholesterol level of the birds at the inclusion level of 0.4g/ton of feed.

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Factors associated with Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli during downtime in commercial broiler chicken barns in Ontario

Poultry Science ◽

10.1016/j.psj.2021.101065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 101065

Author(s):

Chelsea E. Course ◽

Patrick Boerlin ◽

Durda Slavic ◽

Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt ◽

Michele T. Guerin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Commercial Broiler

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Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5633 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 2150-2154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ruben V. Horn ◽

Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽

Elisângela S. Lopes ◽

Régis S.C. Teixeira ◽

Isaac N.G. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Columba Livia ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Feral Pigeons

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.

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Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01086-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 73 (20) ◽

pp. 6566-6576 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Moussa S. Diarra ◽

Fred G. Silversides ◽

Fatoumata Diarrassouba ◽

Jane Pritchard ◽

Luke Masson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Feed Supplementation ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Class 1

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.

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