Dopplerfluxometria da artéria femoral de cães adultos hígidos (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: In Veterinary Medicine, there are several methods for early and accurate assessment of blood flow dynamics. The Dopplerfluxometry can access the peak systolic velocity, mean velocity and end diastolic velocity, including Resistive Index and Pulsatility Index. Normal values of Dopplerfluxometry in healthy dogs allow the identification of vascular abnormalities and authors’ knowledge there are no reference regarding the values of Dopplerfluxometry of the femoral artery in healthy dogs. The aim of the study was to assess the femoral Dopplerfluxometry of adult healthy dogs by Resistive Index, Pulsatility Index, systolic and diastolic velocities, and femoral artery diameter.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen healthy intact beagle dogs, male and female, aging from 2 to 4 years old (mean ± SD: mean 3 ± 0.8 years), weighing from 10.1-17.9 kg [22.3-39.5 lb] [mean ± SD: 14.3 ± 2.7 kg (31.5 ± 5.96 lb)] were used. The dogs underwent to physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry examination urinalysis, and radiographs examination, muscular and cardiac evaluation. Females had to be in anestrous. All dogs were submitted to right femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry. The dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency by one person without any chemical restraint. A high definition ultrasound device equipped with a 3 - 13 MHz multi-frequency linear transducer was used. The right femoral artery was identified with the transducer positioned transversely on the right triangle femoral area. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity was measured. The Resistivity Index and Pulsatility Index were calculated automatically by the ultrasound machine software. Three measurements were obtained with the Doppler spectrum. The values of peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, Resistivity Index, Pulsatility Index and femoral artery diameter were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD).Discussion: No studies regarding to femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry in healthy dogs were found in the literature. These results can be used as normal reference values of Dopplerfluxometric parameters for adult dogs. The literature cited only Dopplerfluxometric values of renal arteries, abdominal aorta and of the internal thoracic artery. The normal values of arterial Dopplerfluxometry is necessary to identify the spectral quantitative characteristics of the blood flow for diagnosis and prognosis of vascular diseases. Authors referred to changes in blood perfusion by Dopplerfluxometry examination, but no changes in B-mode ultrasonography. The femoral Resistivity Index values can be used to correlate the postoperative evolution in dogs submitted to femoral bone, hip and knee surgeries, since Dopplerfluxometry allows blood flow assessment in the femoral region muscles. Changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, stress, exercise, and diseases as hypotension, renal lesion, hepatic diseases, diabetes, hyperadrenocorticism can change the Dopplerfluxometric parameters. All dogs which used in this study were clinically healthy, and were used beagle dogs due to lowest variations within breed. Sedation was avoid due to possible changes in Dopplerfluxometric parameters since the use of sedation or tranquilization in animals is strongly discussed due to possible hemodynamic changes that may occur during the examination. In conclusion, the mean values of the right femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry in male and female adult healthy dogs is Resistivity Index (0.887); Pulsatility Index (1.599); peak systolic velocity (124.41 cm/s), end-diastolic velocity (14.12 cm/s), femoral artery diameter (3.9 mm).

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298 Effects of parity on late gestational uterine blood flow and hemodynamics in beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.281 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 137-138

Author(s):

Allison M Meyer ◽

Natalie B Duncan ◽

Katy S Stoecklein ◽

Emma L Stephenson

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Uterine Artery ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Artery Blood Flow ◽

Diastolic Velocity

Abstract To determine parity effects on late gestational uteroplacental blood flow, uterine artery hemodynamics were measured in 13 primiparous and 11 multiparous (parity 3 and 4) non-lactating, fall-calving crossbred females beginning 109 d prepartum. Females were nutritionally managed as one group to meet or exceed nutrient requirements. Transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography of the both uterine arteries was conducted 3 to 6 times per female across late gestation, ending at approximately 20 d prepartum. Data were analyzed with parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), day prior to calving, and their interaction in the model; day was a repeated effect. Dam BW was greater (P < 0.001) for multiparous than primiparous females, and increased (P = 0.004) as gestation progressed. Calf birth weight was unaffected (P = 0.87) by parity. The parity x day interaction tended to affect (P = 0.06) ipsilateral uterine artery blood flow (L/min), where multiparous cows had a greater increase per day. Total and contralateral uterine artery blood flow were unaffected (P ≥ 0.11) by parity, but increased (P < 0.001) with day of gestation. When expressed relative to dam BW, total and contralateral blood flow were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in primiparous than multiparous females; ipsilateral blood flow was unaffected (P ≥ 0.13) by parity, however. Ipsilateral pulsatility index and both resistance indices were unaffected (P ≥ 0.28) by parity and day, but day tended to affect (P = 0.07) contralateral pulsatility index. Parity did not affect (P ≥ 0.11) cross-sectional area, mean velocity, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity of either uterine artery, but all increased (P < 0.001) as gestation progressed. Heart rate was greater (P = 0.03) in primiparous than multiparous females. Data suggest that uterine artery blood flow and heart rate may be altered in primiparous females, even when birth weight is unaffected by parity.

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Spectral analysis of femoral artery blood flow waveforms of conscious domestic cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x14529123 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 972-978 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gisele FM dos Reis ◽

Rodrigo B Nogueira ◽

Adriana C Silva ◽

Guilherme Oberlender ◽

Ruthnéa AL Muzzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Femoral Artery ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Artery Blood Flow ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

Diastolic Velocity ◽

Femoral Artery Blood Flow ◽

Velocity Peak ◽

Spectral Doppler

The qualitative and quantitative aspects of femoral artery blood flow waveform spectra were evaluated in 15 male and 15 female Persian and mixed breed domestic cats ( Felis catus), which were healthy and not sedated, using duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DDU). Spectral Doppler demonstrated a biphasic characteristic in 16 (53.34%) of the animals evaluated, and a triphasic characteristic in the 14 (46.66%) remaining animals. The systolic blood pressure and heart rate values were within the normal range for the species. The quantitative parameters evaluated, based on the spectral Doppler, were as follows: systolic velocity peak (SVP), recent diastolic velocity peak (RDVP), end diastolic velocity peak (EDVP), mean velocity (MV), integral velocity time (ITV), artery diameter (AD), femoral flow volume (FFV), pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), systolic peak acceleration time (AT) and deceleration time (DT). The respective mean values were: 36.41 ± 7.33 cm/s, 4.69 ± 0.90 cm/s, 10.74 ± 2.74 cm/s, 23.06 ± 4.86 cm/s, 3.91 ± 1.05 cm, 0.17 ± 0.04 cm, 0.11 ± 0.08 cm3, 3.85 ± 0.19, 1.40 ± 0.20, 39.84 ± 7.38 ms, and 114.0 ± 22.15 ms. No significant differences were found between males and females. The analyses carried out on the femoral artery flow spectrum obtained by DDU showed that it is easy to use and highly tolerated in non-sedated, healthy cats. It appears that DDU may be a useful diagnostic technique, but further studies are needed to evaluate how it compares with invasive telemetric methodology or high-definition oscillometric waveform analytic techniques.

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Femoral Artery Blood Flow in Infants and Children

Journal for Vascular Ultrasound ◽

10.1177/154431670502900204 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 75-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Kröger ◽

J. Nettelrodt ◽

C. Müntjes ◽

U. Neudorf ◽

A. Feuersenger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Femoral Artery ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Average Velocity ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Infants And Children ◽

P Value ◽

In Infants And Children

Background We measured Doppler parameter of common femoral artery (CFA) blood flow in infants and children and investigated how far these parameters change with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA). Material and Methods CFA was investigated in 97 infants and children (43 females, 54 males, ages ranged from 0.13 to 220 months) on both sides in a supine position after 5 min rest using a 7.5-MHz linear transducer (Type Elegra, Siemens, Germany) 1 cm proximal to the femoral bifurcation. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, blood flow volume, mean average velocity, resistance index, and pulsatility index were measured. Results Theoretically, Doppler parameters could change with age, height, weight, BMI, and BSA. Because age, weight, height, and BSA were highly correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient > 0.90) only one of these variables could be included in a regression model. Only diameter and flow velocity (FV) correlated with age and height. Peak systolic velocity, mean average velocity, pulsatility index, and resistance index did not. Correlation between BMI and age and BMI and height was small. A regression model for the natural logarithm of FV was estimated: ln(FV) = −5.853 + 0.021 height + 0.049 BMI (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.0001 of height, p value of BMI: 0.028; p value of intercept: < 0.0001). The 95% confidence intervals were: −6.470 to −5.237 for the intercept, 0.006 to 0.093 for BMI, and 0.017 to 0.025 for height. Predicted FV and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The upper confidence limits were 8–10 times that of the lower ones. Conclusion Only FV showed height- and BMI-dependent changes in growing children. Prediction of FV in individual arteries was possible, but with a large range.

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Contribution of ocular B-mode and triplex Doppler in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352013000200009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 359-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.A.R. Feliciano ◽

M.A. Abrahim ◽

R.V.R. Peixoto ◽

K.L. Yasunaga ◽

W.R.R. Vicente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Ophthalmic Artery ◽

Ultrasound Examination ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Ocular Diseases ◽

Ocular Ultrasound ◽

Doppler Evaluation ◽

The Right

The findings of b-mode and especially triplex Doppler ocular ultrasound in the evaluation of 10 Poodle dogs with cataracts, which bring a contribution not yet reported in veterinary medicine, were reported. Ten Poodle dogs of varied ages and presenting cataracts were used. All animals were evaluated for ophthalmic and ultrasound examination. The ultrasound examination allowed the evaluation of the sonographic anatomy of the eye and measurement of the axial thickness of the lens (ATL). Using the Doppler mode, the blood flow of the ophthalmic artery and its vascular indexes, systolic velocity (SV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured. Values found for ATL were 5.89±1.05 for the right eye (OD) and 6.07±1.32 for the left eye (OS). Values found using Doppler evaluation were SV OD: 26.54±7.05 and SV OS: 29.21±11.18; PI OD: 1.89±0.61 and PI OS: 1.7±0.35; RI OD: 0.76±0.1 and RI OS: 0.72±0.09 (OS). It was concluded that triplex Doppler was important for the determination of vascular indexes of the ophthalmic artery, which can be used for monitoring animals with hemodynamic alterations of the eyes and monitoring the therapy of ocular diseases.

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Effects of Sedation with Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine on Doppler Measurements of Ovarian Artery Blood Flow in Bitches

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 538

Author(s):

Paloma Nicolás-Barceló ◽

Martina Facchin ◽

Fernando Martínez-Taboada ◽

Rafael Barrera ◽

José Ignacio Cristóbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Good Choice ◽

Excessive Bleeding ◽

Ovarian Artery ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Diastolic Velocity

The aim was to evaluate if medetomidine and dexmedetomidine affected arterial ovarian blood flow in dogs. The dogs were randomly assigned to two different groups. In Group 1, medetomidine (10 µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly and, in Group 2, dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) was used. After a preliminary exam, arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured and a duplex Doppler ultrasonographic examination of both ovarian arteries was performed. Twenty minutes after the administration of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, BP and ovarian Doppler ultrasonography were repeated. High quality tracings of ovarian artery flow velocity were obtained in all dogs and Doppler parameters: Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) and Resistive Index (RI) were measured before and after drug administration in the left (LO) and right (RO) ovaries. PSV and EDV values decreased significantly after drug administration (p < 0.05) compared to the non-sedated values, but no differences were found between the LO and RO (p > 0.05). The RI was not affected by drugs administration in neither of the groups studied (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine causes a decrease in blood flow velocity in the ovarian artery and may be a good choice to avoid excessive bleeding prior surgeries in which ovariectomy.

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A longitudinal study on parotid and submandibular gland changes assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in post-radiotherapy nasopharyngeal cancer patients

BJR|Open ◽

10.1259/bjro.20200003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 20200003

Author(s):

Vincent W.C. Wu ◽

Michael TC Ying ◽

Dora LW Kwong ◽

Pek-Lan Khong ◽

Gary KW Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Parotid Gland ◽

Submandibular Gland ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Submandibular Glands ◽

Haemodynamic Parameters ◽

Gland Volume ◽

Diastolic Velocity

Objectives: With regard to the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, this longitudinal study evaluated the radiation-induced changes in the parotid and submandibular glands in terms of gland size, echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters. Methods: 21 NPC patients treated by IMRT underwent MRI and ultrasound scans before radiotherapy, and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after treatment. Parotid and submandibular gland volumes were measured from the MRI images, whereas the parotid echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters including the resistive index, pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were evaluated by ultrasonography. Trend lines were plotted to show the pattern of changes. The correlations of gland doses and the post-RT changes were also studied. Results: The volume of the parotid and submandibular glands demonstrated a significant drop from pre-RT to 6 months post-RT. The parotid gland changed from hyperechoic before RT to either isoechoic or hypoechoic after treatment. The resistive index and pulsatility index decreased from pre-RT to 6 month post-RT, then started to increase at 12 month time interval. Both peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity increased after 6 months post-RT then followed a decreasing trend up to 24 months post-RT. There was mild correlation between post-RT gland dose and gland volume, but not with haemodynamic changes. Conclusions: Radiation from IMRT caused shrinkage of parotid and submandibular glands in NPC patients. It also changed the echogenicity and vascular condition of the parotid gland. The most significant changes were observed at 6 months after radiotherapy. Advances in knowledge: It is the first paper that reports on the longitudinal changes of salivary gland volume, echogenicity and haemodynamic parameters altogether in NPC patients after radiotherapy. The results are useful for the prediction of glandular changes that is associated with xerostomia, which help to provide timely management of the complication when the patients attend follow-up visits.

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Comparison of the Doppler Indices in the Ophthalmic Artery and Central Retinal Artery in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Individuals

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography ◽

10.1177/87564793211014876 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 875647932110148

Author(s):

Baby Nadeem ◽

Raham Bacha ◽

Syed Amir Gilani ◽

Iqra Manzoor

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Vascular Remodeling ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Ophthalmic Artery ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Retinal Artery ◽

Doppler Indices ◽

Ophthalmic Arteries

Objective: Diabetes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, which damages the retina due to blood flow remodeling of occular vessels. Early stages of diabetic retinopathy may not present with patient symptoms. Doppler indices, of the ophthalmic arteries, could help in determining the effect of diabetic vascular remodeling. This research was designed to compare the Doppler indices, in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery, in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 72 total patients. Sonography was performed on the ophthalmic arteries of 36 diabetics and 36 nondiabetics, to compare Doppler indices. All patients were voluntarily consented to this research that was approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Doppler parameters recorded were peak systolic velocity, end dystopic velocity, resistive index, and pulsatility index, which were taken in both patient groups and compared. Results: A significant difference was noted in the ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index for diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, with a statistically significant set at .01. Conclusions: There was a significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic ophthalmic Doppler indices in this cohort of patients. This cohort demonstrated vascular remodeling of the ophthalmic arteries, caused by diabetes; therefore, blood flow resistance was increased due to diabetes.

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Ultrasonographic Examination of Some Vessels in Dogs and the Characteristics of Blood Flow in These Vessels

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2017-0038 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 44-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Figurová ◽

V. Kulinová

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Flow Pattern ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Doppler Ultrasonography ◽

Reverse Flow ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Medium Size ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

The Mean ◽

Typical Picture

Abstract The examination by Doppler ultrasonography provides haemodynamic information about blood flow velocity in a respective vessel. It specifies high- and lowresistance flow patterns. The aim of our study was to record the flow in a. carotis communis, a. femoralis and aa. renales in 16 adult clinically healthy dogs of small and medium size; characterize the types of vessels and also determine the pulsatility index (PI) and the resistive index (RI) of these vessels. The a. femoralis is a high-resistance vessel with a pronounced three-peak waveform. The aa. renales gives a typical picture of a low-resistance flow pattern. The characteristics of a. carotis communis involves different images of its branches a. carotis interna and a. carotis externa. In the investigated groups we observed a medium degree of pulsatility (atypical highresistance flow pattern with an absence of reverse flow). The mean measured values of indices for a. carotis communis were: left side PI 1.824 and RI 0.742; right side PI 1.891 and RI 0.746, and for aa. renales: PI 1.366 ± 0.04 and RI 0.684 ± 0.05.

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Racial differences in the correlations between structural parameters and ocular blood flow in healthy eyes

Modeling and Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology ◽

10.35119/maio.v2i1.57 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

Koosha Ramezani ◽

Alon Harris ◽

Brent Siesky ◽

Carine Olinde ◽

Darrell WuDunn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Ocular Blood Flow ◽

Rnfl Thickness ◽

Diastolic Velocity ◽

The Relationship ◽

Healthy Eyes

Purpose: This study aimed to assess differences in the relationship between structural parameters and ocular blood flow between persons of African (AD) and European descent (ED) with healthy eyes.Methods: The relationship between structural and ocular blood flow parameters was assessed in 46 participants (20 AD, 26 ED) with healthy eyes. Disc area (DA), rim area (RA), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. Retrobulbar blood flow was assessed in the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), nasal (NPCA) and temporal short posterior ciliary arteries (TPCA). Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) were assessed. Retinal capillary blood flow was also evaluated. Differences between the correlations were determined using the Fisher r-to-z transformation.Results: Significant differences in correlations were observed between the AD and ED groups in the CRA, where PSV and DA were positively correlated in AD (r=0.43) and negatively correlated in ED (r=-0.36) (Δr=0.79; P=0.01). A similar finding was observed for PSV and RA (AD: r=0.39; ED: r=-0.23; Δr=0.62; P=0.04). In the inferior hemifield for ED group only, percentage of avascular space and RNFL thickness were positively correlated (r=0.51, P=0.01) and mean retinal flow and RNFL thickness were negatively correlated (r=-0.50, P=0.01).Conclusion: The relationship between structural parameters and the blood supply to the superficial layer of the retina was significantly different in the healthy eyes of AD compared to ED. More research is required to show how these differences may affect glaucomatous risk.

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Haemorrhoidal haemodynamic changes in patients with haemorrhoids treated using Doppler-guided dearterialization

BJS Open ◽

10.1093/bjsopen/zrab012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

A Parello ◽

F Litta ◽

V De Simone ◽

P Campennì ◽

R Orefice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Symptom Severity ◽

Pulsatility Index ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Doppler Imaging ◽

Endoanal Ultrasonography ◽

Resistivity Index ◽

Acceleration Time ◽

Haemodynamic Parameters ◽

Haemorrhoidal Disease ◽

Diastolic Velocity

Abstract Background Arterial hyperflow to haemorrhoids has been implicated as a possible pathophysiological co-factor in haemorrhoidal disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate how transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) can influence haemodynamic parameters at the level of the haemorrhoidal piles. Methods Patients with grade III haemorrhoids selected for THD between July and December 2018 were evaluated using endoanal ultrasonography and colour Doppler imaging at the level of internal haemorrhoids before and 1 year after the surgical procedure. Peak systolic velocity, pulsatility index, resistivity index, acceleration time, and end-diastolic velocity were measured, and preoperative and postoperative values compared. Symptom severity was measured using a symptom-based questionnaire (score range 0–20). Results Of 21 patients treated, 17 completed the study. Compared with preoperative values, postoperative peak systolic velocity (mean(s.d.) 18.7(1.1) versus 10.3(0.4) cm/s; P < 0.05), pulsatility index (5.5(0.3) versus 2.8(0.4); P < 0.050), and resistivity index (1.0(0.2) versus 0.8(0.5); P < 0.050) decreased significantly, whereas acceleration time increased significantly (65.6(3.6) versus 83.3(4.7) cm/s2; P < 0.050); end-diastolic velocity did not change (1.9(0.2) versus 2.0(0.4); P = 0.753). Symptoms disappeared or had improved significantly in all patients by 1 year after surgery. The mean(s.d.) total symptom severity score decreased from 15.8(1.1) to 1.2(1.6) (P < 0.001). Conclusion THD affects the main haemodynamic parameters at the level of internal haemorrhoids and is associated with a decrease in arterial hyperflow.

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