scholarly journals An Overview of Recent Developments in Hetero-Catalytic Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Mohamed Rashid Ahmed-Haras ◽  
Nhol Kao ◽  
Md. Sakinul Islam ◽  
Liam Ward

In recent years, research activities involved in the production of nanocellulosic materials have grown substantially, rapidly stimulating the development of innovative production techniques. These materials are chemically extracted by acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis of the renewable and widely available cellulosic biomass. In this regard, sulfuric acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass is a commonly known method for the production of nanostructured cellulose. However, this method may result in many disadvantages, including short catalyst-lifetime, corrosive to the reactor materials and managing the spent sulfuric acid resulted from the production process. This dictates the implementation of an eco-industrial alternative for the catalytic production of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). A viable and practical alternative is the application of heterogeneous (solid acids) catalysts, which can be more conducive in providing favorable platforms for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. This review highlights the current production methods of nanocrystalline cellulose. Further, recent literature on the heterogeneous-catalytic conversion of cellulosic biomass is briefly discussed. The limitations and disadvantages of these techniques are also described.

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (17) ◽  
pp. 2797-2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Horning ◽  
G. Lacasse ◽  
J. M. Muchowski

The sulfuric acid catalyzed acylation of 2-methyl-5-nitroisocarbostyril with carboxylic acid anhydrides gave the corresponding 4-acylated derivatives 3, which underwent reductive cyclization to 2-substituted derivatives of 4-methyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[4.3.2.de]isoquinolin-5-one (4). Alkaline hydrolysis of the six-membered lactam in 4 was accompanied by a retro-Mannich reaction to produce 2-substituted indole-4-carboxylic acids in about 40 % overall yield from 3.


2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 421-425
Author(s):  
Jia Xin Liu ◽  
Yu Dong Huang

With the world’s focus on reducing our dependency on fossil fuel resources, one of the challenges will be the development of efficient catalysts for selective transformation of cellulosic biomass. Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose is a key technology for effective use of lignocellulose because glucose can be efficiently converted into various chemicals, biofuels, foods, and medicines. Thus far, substantial efforts have been devoted to the degradation of cellulose but these processes have significant drawbacks. Some of these problems can potentially be overcome with the application of solid acid catalysts. In this paper, recent studies on heterogeneous acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose are summarized.


2013 ◽  
Vol 581 ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Long ◽  
Chun-Ran Chang ◽  
Zheng-Wen Long ◽  
Yi-Bo Wang ◽  
Xing-Feng Tan ◽  
...  

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4102
Author(s):  
Cristhian Carrasco ◽  
Leif J. Jönsson ◽  
Carlos Martín

Auto-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment (A-HTP) and sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment (SA-HTP) were applied to quinoa stalks in order to reduce their recalcitrance towards enzymatic saccharification. Prior to pretreatment, quinoa stalks were extracted with either water or a 50:50 (v/v) ethanol–water mixture for removing saponins. Extraction with water or aqueous ethanol, respectively, led to removal of 52 and 75% (w/w) of the saponins contained in the raw material. Preliminary extraction of quinoa stalks allowed for a lower overall severity during pretreatment, and it led to an increase of glucan recovery in the pretreated solids (above 90%) compared with that of non-extracted quinoa stalks (73–74%). Furthermore, preliminary extraction resulted in enhanced hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and lower by-product formation during pretreatment. The enhancement of hemicelluloses hydrolysis by pre-extraction was more noticeable for SA-HTP than for A-HTP. As a result of the pretreatment, glucan susceptibility towards enzymatic hydrolysis was remarkably improved, and the overall conversion values were higher for the pre-extracted materials (up to 83%) than for the non-extracted ones (64–69%). Higher overall conversion was achieved for the aqueous ethanol-extracted quinoa stalks (72–83%) than for the water-extracted material (65–74%).


Author(s):  
N. G. Zarakhan ◽  
E. N. Borisova ◽  
P. P. Nechaev ◽  
G. E. Zaikov

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Li ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xue Gong ◽  
Xuerong Mao ◽  
Xiunan Sun ◽  
...  

AbstractSilica sulfuric acid was found to be an efficient, recoverable, reusable and environment-friendly catalyst for the fast hydrolysis of various carboxylic acid esters in high conversions and selectivities under microwave irradiation conditions. This protocol has the advantages of no corrosion, no environmental pollution, high reaction rate, high yield, and simple work-up procedure.


KOVALEN ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeks Pramana ◽  
Abdul Rahman Razak ◽  
Prismawiryanti Prismawiryanti

Cellulose hydrolysis from rice husk (Oryza sativa) into glucose with sulfonated charcoal catalyst was conducted. The aim of this research was to determine sulfuric acid concentration and contact time on the sulfonation process of charcoal which would produce the highest glucose rendement from cellulose hydrolysis of rice husk. Sulfuric acid concentrations in this experiment were 8, 10, and 12 N with variation of contact time of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours respectively.  Rice husk was delignified with NaOH 10% to produce cellulose which was hydrolyzed by sulfonated charcoal catalyst. Hydrolysis reaction with the ratio cellulose/aquadest 1:25 (w/v) was conducted in autoclave with temperature 130 oC for 3 hours. The result showed that 8 N concentration of sulfuric acid and 12 hours of contact time produced the highest glucose rendement 17,9%. Keywords : rice husks, cellulose, glucose, sulfonated charcoal


2013 ◽  
Vol 117 (24) ◽  
pp. 5106-5116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Long ◽  
Xing-Feng Tan ◽  
Chun-Ran Chang ◽  
Wei-Xiong Zhao ◽  
Zheng-Wen Long ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sri Rahayu Gusmarwani ◽  
M Sri Prasetyo Budi ◽  
Wahyudi Budi Sediawan ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat

One of the promising biofuel is bioethanol which can be produced from agricultural waste cellulosic biomass such as banana plant waste. Production of banana rhizome waste in Indonesia is about 107.5 Mton annually. Banana rhizome contains 58.89% cellulose material that can be processed to produce bioethanol through biological and chemical processes. Sulfuric acid can be used in hydrolysis of cellulose material in banana plant waste to produce sugars, and Saccharomyces cereviseae can be used to convert  sugars into  bioethanol. This paper presents the result of studies on effects of solid ratio and time in hydrolysis of banana plant waste to produce sugars at 120 oC. One litre of water and 10 mL of sulfuric acid was mixed with various weight of banana plant waste then heated in an autoclave. The liquid samples were taken at various time and its sugar contents were analyzed by Lane and Eynon Methode. The  solid ratio was varied between 1:6.25, 1:5.88, 1:5.55, 1:5.25, 1:5, 1:4.75, 1:4.54, and 1:4.375 and the time was varied between 0 minute and 90 minutse with 10 minutes interval. The highest yield of glucose of 13.08 g/100 mL was achieved in 80 minutes and 1:5 of solid ratio.Keywords: Bioethanol, banana rhizome, hydrolysisAbstrakBioetanol adalah salah satu bentuk energi terbarukan yang menjanjikan. Sumber energi bioetanol dapat berasal dari limbah pertanian yang jarang dimanfaatkan seperti bonggol pisang. Produksi bonggol pisang di Indonesia mencapai 107,5 Mton per tahun. Selulosa yang terkandung dalam bonggol pisang mencapai 58,89% dapat diubah menjadi etanol melalui proses biologi dan kimia (biokimia). Untuk mengubah selulosa menjadi glukosa (gula) diperlukan proses hidrolisis dengan bantuan asam, misalnya asam sulfat (H2SO4), sedangkan untuk mengubah gula menjadi bioetanol dipergunakan ragi Saccharomyces cereviseae. Dalam makalah ini disampaikan pengaruh perbandingan berat padatan dan waktu hidrolisis terhadap glukosa yang terambil pada reaksi hidrolisis untuk mengubah selulosa pada bonggol pisang menjadi glukosa yang dilakukan pada suhu 120oC. Satu liter aquades dan 10 mL larutan asam sulfat pekat ditambahkan pada padatan dengan perbandingan (padatan:air) yang bervariasi dari 1:6,25, 1:5,88, 1:5,55, 1:5,25, 1:5, 1:4,75, 1:4,54, dan 1:4,375. Selanjutnya campuran dipanaskan dalam autoclave sampai suhu yang diinginkan tercapai (120 oC) dan dijaga konstan. Sampel diambil sebanyak 6 mL setiap 10 menit sampai waktu 90 menit tercapai. Analisis glukosa yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan metode Lane-Eynon. Hasil glukosa yang paling baik sebesar 13,08 g/100 mL didapatkan pada suhu 1200C dalam waktu 80 menit dengan perbandingan padatan:aquadest 1:5.Kata Kunci: Bioetanol, bonggol pisang, hidrolisis


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