scholarly journals DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN POLAND – AN ANALYSIS USING DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Joanna Landmesser
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Rif Regression ◽  
Imputation Approach ◽  
The Eu

In the paper, we compare income distributions in Poland, taking into account gender differences. The gender pay gap can only be partially explained by differences in men’s and women’s characteristics. The unexplained part of the gap is usually attributed to the wage discrimination. The objective of the study is to extend the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure to different quantile points along the income distribution. We utilize such decomposition methods as the residual imputation approach, the reweighting approach and the RIF-regression method to describe differences between the incomes of men and women along the two distributions. We evaluate the strength of the influence of personal characteristics onto the various parts of the income distributions. The analysis is based on data from the EU-SILC data for Poland in 2014.

scholarly journals Differences in income distributions for men and women in the European Union countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Joanna Landmesser
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Decomposition Procedure

Research background: Recently there has been an increase in interest in the studies of income inequalities. The findings of numerous empirical studies show that males earn higher wages than females. A variety of techniques of income inequalities decomposition are becoming popular. New procedures go far beyond the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. They allow to study differences of income distributions for various groups of people and to decompose them at various quantile points. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to compare personal income distributions in selected countries of the European Union, taking into account gender differences. Methods: First, we examined the income inequalities between men and women in each country using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. The unexplained part of the gender pay gap gave us information about the wage discrimination. Second, we extended the decomposition procedure to different quantile points along the whole income distribution. To describe differences between the incomes of men and women, we constructed the so-called counterfactual distribution, which is a mixture of a conditional distribution of the dependent variable (income) and a distribution of the explanatory variables (individual people’s characteristics). Then, we utilized the residual imputation approach (JMP-approach). Findings & Value added: In the article data from EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) were used. We found that there exists an important diversity in the size of the gender pay gap across members of the European Union. The results obtained for these countries allowed us to group them into clusters. In general, there are two types of countries in Europe: the countries, where the bulk of the observed income differences cannot be explained by observed characteristics, and the countries, where the explained and the unexplained effects are both positive, with even a bigger explained effect for the lower income ranges.

scholarly journals EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ON THE LABOUR MARKET – THE GENDER PAY GAP WITHIN THE EU MEMBER STATES

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Ancuţa Stângaciu
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Equality Of Opportunity ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Member States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
The Eu

The actions taken for the promotion of the equality of opportunity between men and women and for eliminating the direct or the indirect discrimination apply to the field of employment as well as to the field of education, health, culture, information and the participation in the decision making process. Starting from one of the objectives of the Strategy for the equality of opportunity, being aware of the real situation of women participation compared to men participation to the economical and social life, this analysis offers a perspective on the equality of opportunity between men and women in the field of employment, seen based on the statistical data. Thus, in order to quantify this phenomenon using methods specific to the statistical analysis, we used the gender pay gap indicator pertaining to the EU member states per total economy, as well as per economical activities, and the research results show that on the EU level there are still significant gender pay gaps.

scholarly journals Gender wage differences in the selected Czech public sector company

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Veronika Hedija ◽  
Petr Musil
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Different Characteristics

The issue of wage disparity between men and women belongs to the current and widely discussed topics. The attention given to this subject also reflects the fact that the issue of the equality between women and men and non-discrimination by gender is incorporated in the law of the European Union. A number of studies are devoted to the gender wage disparities and the root cause of wage differences in the Czech Republic, however, only few of these deal with the gender wage differentials in the public sector. It is exactly this issue, which is discussed in this article, its aim being to identify the extent of the gender pay gap in the selected Czech public sector company. The article concentrates on finding the main causes for the existence of wage differences between men and women and determining whether the company inclines to wage discrimination against women. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to define, which part of the gender pay gap can be attributed to the different characteristics of men and women and which part stays unexplained. It is this unexplained part that can be the result of wage discrimination against women.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women’s Hourly Earnings in Poland with Particular Emphasis on the Education Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Joanna Landmesser ◽  
Marian Rusek ◽  
Olga Zajkowska
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Decomposition Procedure ◽  
Imputation Approach ◽  
Wage Inequalities

Abstract Research background: There is the lack of a sector based analysis of wages for different genders. We present such an analysis regarding the education sector in Poland. purpose: The study aims to compare hourly earnings for men and women in Poland, with particular emphasis on the education sector. We go beyond the simple Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and compare earnings distributions. Research methodology: First, we examine the hourly earnings inequalities using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. Second, we extend this procedure to different quantile points along the whole earnings distribution by the use of the residual imputation approach. The results are obtained for the whole sample (people of all professions), for a group of teaching professionals, and for university and higher education teachers. Results: The magnitude of the gender hourly wage gap varies substantially depending on how the sample of interest is defined. It also heavily depends on the quantile of the analyzed distribution. Although the average gap in the educational sector is negative, the differences turn positive and increase with higher quantiles of distribution in favor of men. The disparity was most pronounced for university top professionals. Novelty: Our results provide novel insights into the sectoral dimension of the income gap. We analyze inequalities over whole distribution in the educational sector and compare them with wage inequalities in enterprises employing more than 9 people.

Gender Wage Gap

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Machová ◽  
Lenka Filipová
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wage Regression ◽  
And Gender

This paper was written as a part of a research project studying problem of wage determinant measuring and wage discrimination considering different wage requirements of men and women. The wage determinants and gender wage discrimination are analyzed using a probit model. The whole analysis is methodologically based on Mincer’s Wage Regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of gender wage gap. The wage variables include, aside from standard personal characteristics, dummies for institutional and firm characteristics and dummies for family status and family roles. The data were gained by a questionnaire survey carried out in Ostrava city. The results of the analysis, representative for the city, show statistically significant differences between wage determinants of men and women. The survey concluded in 2 statements: (1) family role is an important wage determinant and its inclusion to Mincer’s Wage Regression leads to better explanation of wages; and (2) including family characteristics in Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition can significantly reduce unexplained part of gender wage gap, i.e., a part of a wage difference usually ascribed to gender wage discrimination can be explained by different preferences of men and women on a labor market.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Differences between Household Income Distributions in Poland in Years 2002 and 2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (336) ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Joanna Małgorzata Landmesser
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Influence Function ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Rif Regression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Imputation Approach

In this study we present the decomposition of income inequalities between household income distributions in Poland in 2002 and 2012. The difference between two distributions may be decomposed using the counterfactual distribution, which can be constructed in various ways. Techniques such as the residual imputation approach and RIF‑regression method (recentered influence function) were considered. The application of these methods made it possible to show the aggregate detailed decompositions in different quantile points along the income distribution. The influence of several person’s characteristics on the differences in income distributions was examined. By decomposing the inequalities into the explained and unexplained components it was possible to receive additional information about their causes.

scholarly journals Gender pay gap in salary bands among employees in the formal sector of South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeboye M. Adelekan ◽  
Mark H.R. Bussin
Keyword(s):  
Top Management ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
The Status ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Value Add

Orientation: The gender pay gap is a worldwide challenge that has persisted despite political will and interventions. Comparably qualified women performing similar work as men continue to earn less. There are conflicting views in the literature regarding the status of the gender pay gap.Research purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine status of the gender pay gap among employees in the same salary band and to establish whether men and women receive similar pay for similar work in the study population.Motivation for study: The status of the gender pay gap would establish the progress made towards closing the gap and guide necessary adjustments to interventions.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative analysis was conducted on the pay information of 217 902 employees collected in a survey from over 700 companies, across 10 job families and 6 industries.Main findings: Men’s pay was consistently higher than that of women in all salary bands except at the 75th and 95th percentile in sub-bands B-lower and B-upper and 25th percentile in sub-band E-upper. The gender pay gap ranged from 8% in band A to 27.1% in sub-band F-upper. The gaps observed in the salary bands were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) except in sub-band E-upper, F-lower and F-upper, indicating convergence towards similar pay for similar work at senior to top management levels. Women were under-represented in all salary bands with the lowest presence in band F, especially sub-band F-upper. Gender, race, job family and industry have a significant effect on income earned in the study sample.Practical/managerial implications: Government’s efforts seemed to have produced minimal results as women are represented in all job families, industries and salary bands. The pay of men and women in senior and top management levels was similar. However, more still needs to be done to achieve the 50% target representation of women in senior management and close the gap at all levels.Contribution/value-add: The number of women at management levels is still very low when compared to their male counterparts. However, the gender pay gap in senior to top management positions are converging towards similar pay for work of similar value.

Women and Policing: An Assessment of Factors Related to the Likelihood of Pursuing a Career as a Police Officer

2021 ◽  
pp. 109861112110090
Author(s):  
Vanessa M. Diaz ◽  
Lidia E. Nuño
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Limited Generalizability

Law enforcement is still considered a male dominated occupation resulting in the underrepresentation of women in sworn personnel positions. While it is critical for police departments to have a more representative police force, there is a lack of research on the factors that affect the likelihood of women entering policing. Past studies suggest that men and women have similar reasons for joining policing. However, research on the factors that deter potential candidates from pursuing this career path is limited. This paper examines factors that may affect the likelihood of women pursuing a career in policing. We rely on data collected from a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in criminal justice courses (n = 421). Our results show that, relative to men, women are less likely to be interested in pursuing a career as a police officer. However, more than half of the women in our sample reported interest in pursuing a career in policing. We find that for men and women, the likelihood for pursuing a career in policing was affected by a number of personal characteristics and the current socio-political climate. While a notable limitation of our study is its limited generalizability, overall, our findings offer some promise for the potential of representative policing.

scholarly journals Adiposity, education and weight loss effort are independently associated with energy reporting quality in the Ontario Food Survey

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Ward ◽  
Valerie Tarasuk ◽  
Rena Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Reporting Quality ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Men And Women

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the associations of adiposity, dietary restraint and other personal characteristics with energy reporting quality.Design/subjectsSecondary analysis of 230 women and 158 men from the 1997/98 Ontario Food Survey.MethodsEnergy reporting quality was estimated by ratios of energy intake (EI) to both basal metabolic rate (BMR) and total energy expenditure (TEE). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine energy reporting quality between two dietary recalls and in relation to body mass index (BMI) with adjustment for potential confounders. Energy reporting quality was explored across categories of age, BMI, income, education, dieting status and food insecurity through analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsFrom the ANOVA, energy reporting quality was associated with BMI group, age category and weight loss for men and women, as well as with education among women (P < 0.05). The multivariate regression analyses indicated that energy reporting quality was positively associated with education and inversely associated with obesity and dieting. No associations were observed in relation to food insecurity or income (P>0.05). EI:BMR and EI:TEE on the first and second 24-hour recalls were positively related (P < 0.0001 for men and women). A higher proportion of variance in energy reporting quality was explained for women than for men (R2 = 0.19 and 0.14, respectively).ConclusionsStudies of diet and adiposity are probably hindered to some extent by BMI-related variation in energy reporting quality. Methods to address this issue are urgently needed if population surveys will continue to serve as the primary source of dietary intake data.

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