scholarly journals Important steps for qualitative risk assessment of campylobacter presence in poultry meat in Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
J. Petrovic ◽  
I. Stojanov ◽  
D. Pesic-Mikulec ◽  
D. Milanov ◽  
M. Velhner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Risk Characterization ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The aim of this paper was to answer some questions important for a qualitative risk assessment in poultry production related to Campylobacter. These steps are described: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Hazard identification: Campylobacter is important cause of food borne diseases. Hazard characterization: human campylobacteriosis is assumed to be dose-independent based on some studies on healthy human volunteers. Exposure assessment: Campylobacter colonization and spread of Campylobacter on poultry carcasses were described. Our results indicate high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in intestines of poultry, the clinical symptoms of campylobacteriosis usually depends of the age and additional immunosupresive factors, such as Salmonella. According to our experimental results artificial infection of chickens with 6.77 log cfu C. jejuni per chicken on day 21 of life leads to 5.26 log cfu/g feces after 5 days, with slight decrease in next 20 days and return to starting level in next 20 days. According to our experimental results, slaughtering of Campylobacter positive flock appears where 100% birds (with 3.02 log cfu/g feces) is contaminated lids to 50% contaminated carcasses. High prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was also found on poultry carcasses in our slaughterhuoses. Risk characterization: on the basis of the performed examinations it can be concluded that even there is high exposure of human population to Campylobacter from poultry meat; the incidence of human campilobacteriosis is low, mainly because there is a lack of evidence and confirmation of human campylobacteriosis.

Study Explores Risk-Based Approaches to Produced Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Chris Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Mixing Zone ◽  
Risk Characterization

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199412, “New Produced-Water Risk-Based-Approach Guidance,” by Mathijs Smit, Shell; Sean Hayes, More Energy; and Oliver Pelz, BP, et al., for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 17-19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. A global trend has developed toward the application of risk- based assessment (RBA) techniques for managing environmental risks and considering potential effects of produced-water (PW) discharge. The main objective of the complete paper is to achieve harmony in the means by which operators execute RBA for offshore PW discharges. This coordination is likely to enhance broader understanding and acceptance of RBA techniques internationally. RBA Techniques Key Principles. An RBA approach to managing PW begins with an assessment objective (e.g., demonstrating no adverse effect outside an accepted zone). The RBA characterizes the risk (i.e., the likelihood that adverse effects may occur) to the environment of a PW discharge given the exposure resulting from effluent discharge and the sensitivity of the receiving environment to exposure. To assess the risks of discharge, existing international frameworks for ecological risk assessment are available. These frameworks include data collection, hazard assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The specifics of data collection depend on the form of the hazard assessment and the exposure assessment, which, in turn, are dependent on the risk characterization, which allows compliance with the assessment objective to be evaluated. The purpose of the RBA for PW can be to target no adverse effect beyond an accepted zone or to serve as a management tool to drive continuous improvement. The risk-assessment steps usually are executed through a tiered process. Regulatory Approaches to RBA. At the time of writing, only a handful of regulatory frameworks for offshore PW management include principles of RBA. Table 1 of the complete paper provides a comparison of different assessment objectives and endpoints for regulatory PW RBA approaches used in selected basins. The table makes clear that it is not practical or necessary to meet the required criteria at the end of the pipe. Common practice defines a zone where the defined threshold may still be exceeded. This zone is often referred to as the mixing zone. While the use of a 500-m mixing zone is common practice offshore Brazil, for instance, in the US Gulf of Mexico, a 100-m mixing zone is applied. Different thresholds are applied in the different jurisdictions that justify the mixing zones. Defining the Adverse Effect Threshold. The three regulatory approaches presented in Table 1 of the complete paper apply different methodologies for defining the threshold level of adverse effects that should not be exceeded.

Risk Assessment and Child Health

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 952-956
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Samet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Risk assessment, an approach for organizing information about hazards to health, safety, and the environment, provides a framework for gauging the threat to child health from environmental pollutants. A qualitative risk assessment has 4 components: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In a risk assessment, consideration can be given to a population group that potentially has increased susceptibility, whether arising from having a high level of exposure or from increased susceptibility to the agent of concern on a biological basis. Children have been proposed as being at increased risk from some environmental agents, and there has long been concern and debate that the current approach of determining acceptable exposure levels or intake for a person may not yield safe intake limits for infants and children, who may be placed at greater risk than adults because of exposure patterns and inherent susceptibility. The persistence of debate on this critical public health issue reflects, in part, the difficulty of developing sufficiently sensitive and validated animal bioassays for critical outcomes. Epidemiologic studies can play only a limited role, given the complexity of establishing cohorts and tracking exposures from conception forward to assess risks across the lifespan. Meeting society’s call for healthy environments for children poses an extraordinary challenge to researchers and to the policy makers who seek to develop evidence-based policies to protect children.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: A Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Bae ◽  
Hoonjeong Kwon ◽  
Jooyoun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Post Market

Disposable absorbent hygiene products have evolved for superior performance, enhancing the convenience of daily lives. However, the use of disposable hygiene pads has brought safety concerns on chemical exposure, and significant efforts have been made to assess the potential risks associated with use of hygiene pads. This article intends to overview the safety assessment framework of diapers and feminine pads, which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization, and post-market risk management. Risk assessment of various constituents are reviewed for quantification methods and conservative estimation of exposure parameters. By reviewing the up-to-date considerations in risk assessment, we aim to provide insightful discussion on safety evaluation of current versions of disposable absorbent products. More clinical testing and post-market surveillance are needed for continuous monitoring of potential health impacts of advanced products and constituents.

scholarly journals Comparison between Communicated and Calculated Exposure Estimates Obtained through Three Modeling Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4175
Author(s):  
Andrea Spinazzè ◽  
Francesca Borghi ◽  
Daniele Magni ◽  
Costanza Rovida ◽  
Monica Locatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Risk Characterization ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Chemical Risk ◽  
European Centre ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Proper Scaling ◽  
Specific Scenario

This study aims to evaluate the risk assessment approach of the REACH legislation in industrial chemical departments with a focus on the use of three models to calculate exposures, and discuss those factors that can determine a bias between the estimated exposure (and therefore the expected risk) in the extended safety data sheets (e-SDS) and the expected exposure for the actual scenario. To purse this goal, the exposure estimates and risk characterization ratios (RCRs) of registered exposure scenarios (ES; “communicated exposure” and “communicated RCR”) were compared with the exposure estimates and the corresponding RCRs calculated for the actual, observed ES, using recommended tools for the evaluation of exposure assessment and in particular the following tools: (i) the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Targeted Risk Assessment v.3.1 (ECETOC TRA), (ii) STOFFENMANAGER® v.8.0 and (iii) the Advanced REACH Tool (ART). We evaluated 49 scenarios in three companies handling chemicals. Risk characterization ratios (RCRs) were calculated by dividing estimated exposures by derived no-effect levels (DNELs). Although the calculated exposure and RCRs generally were lower than communicated, the correlation between communicated and calculated exposures and RCRs was generally poor, indicating that the generic registered scenarios do not reflect actual working, exposure and risk conditions. Further, some observed scenarios resulted in calculated exposure values and RCR higher than those communicated through chemicals’ e-SDSs; thus ‘false safe’ scenarios (calculated RCRs > 1) were also observed. Overall, the obtained evidences contribute to doubt about whether the risk assessment should be performed using generic (communicated by suppliers) ES with insufficient detail of the specific scenario at all companies. Contrariwise, evidences suggested that it would be safer for downstream users to perform scenario-specific evaluations, by means of proper scaling approach, to achieve more representative estimates of chemical risk.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: a Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Bae ◽  
Hoonjeong Kwon ◽  
Jooyoun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Conservative Estimation

Disposable absorbent hygiene products have evolved for superior performance, enhancing the convenience of daily lives. Yet the use of disposable hygiene pads has brought safety concerns on chemical exposure, and significant efforts have been made to assess the potential risks associated with use of hygiene pads. This article intends to overview the safety assessment framework of diapers and feminine pads, which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization, and postmarket risk management. Risk assessment of various constituents are reviewed for quantification methods and conservative estimation of exposure parameters. By reviewing the up-to-date considerations in risk assessment, we aim to provide insightful discussion on safety evaluation of current versions of disposable absorbent products. More clinical testing and postmarket surveillance are needed for continuous monitoring of potential health impacts of advanced products and constituents.

Hazard identification, qualitative risk assessment and monitoring on the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalie Roux ◽  
Cedric Robillot ◽  
Heather Chapman ◽  
Frederic Leusch ◽  
Mary Hodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Ionic Charge ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Monitoring Programs ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring

This paper explains how the results of the source water characterisation for the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project in South East Queensland was used to augment the qualitative water quality risk assessment process and design of the monitoring programs. Results were evaluated against health standards published in 2008 by Queensland Health and also against level of reporting. This determined the relative risk of exceeding the health standard for parameters detected in the source. The relative risk was used to inform the qualitative risk assessment as well as the frequency of monitoring in both the source and purified water. Categorising hazards using their ionic charge and hydrophobicity enabled the selection of indicators for both source and purified water compliance monitoring programs.

Molecular Subtyping and Source Attribution of Campylobacter Isolated from Food Animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1891-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY H. TYSON ◽  
HEATHER P. TATE ◽  
JASON ABBOTT ◽  
THU-THUY TRAN ◽  
CLAUDINE KABERA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Campylobacter spp. commonly cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. Poultry meats have long been considered the predominant source of these infections, but few in-depth Campylobacter source attribution studies have been completed. We analyzed more than 1,300 Campylobacter isolates recovered from a number of animal and food sources, including dairy and beef cattle, pigs, poultry, and retail poultry meat, and compared them with Campylobacter isolates recovered from human clinical samples. Each isolate was subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI and queried against the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet database to identify human isolates with indistinguishable patterns. Half (49.5%) of the PFGE patterns from poultry animal and retail meat isolates were indistinguishable from patterns of at least one human isolate. Among the isolates from beef and dairy cows, 56.6 and 65.0%, respectively, of their PFGE patterns were indistinguishable from those of human isolates. Only a small portion of the PFGE patterns of Campylobacter isolated from pigs (9.5%) were found to have PFGE patterns in common with human isolates. These data imply that cattle may be larger contributors to Campylobacter infections than previously recognized and help further our understanding of potential sources of human campylobacteriosis.

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