scholarly journals Humoral immunity in puppies of immune bitches vaccinated with an attenuated and inactivated

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Bacic ◽  
Sonja Obrenovic ◽  
Miroslav Valcic ◽  
Dragisa Trailovic ◽  
Djordje Dobric
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Expected Increase

In order to examine the humoral immune response to a vaccine against canine parvoviruses in puppies of immune bitches, vaccinated during gravidity, an experiment was performed on a total of 56 puppies from 10 litters, which were vaccinated three times, on the 7th, 11th, and 17th weeks of life. One group of puppies was vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine, while another was vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. The titer of maternal antibodies and the vaccine - induced titer of specific antibodies were examined using the IHA test. The titer of maternal antibodies in puppies before the first vaccination ranged from <20 to 1:80. Following vaccination, we established an expected increase in the titer of specific antibodies, over 1:160 without more significant differences between the two types of vaccines.

TLR4 regulates rabies virus-induced humoral immunity through recruitment of cDC2 to lymph organs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Chengguang Zhang ◽  
Haoqi Li ◽  
Zongmei Wang ◽  
Yueming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is fatal to both humans and animals around the world. Effective clinical therapy for rabies has not been achieved, and vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling rabies. Although different vaccines, such as live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, can induce different immune responses, different expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) also causes diverse immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pivotal PRR that induces cytokine production and bridges innate and adaptive immunity. Importantly, TLR4 recognizes various virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and virus-induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), usually leading to the activation of immune cells. However, the role of TLR4 in the humoral immune response induced by RABV has not been revealed yet. Based on TLR4-deficient ( TLR4 -/- ) and wild-type (WT) mouse models, we report that TLR4-dependent recruitment of the conventional type-2 dendritic cells (CD8α - CD11b + cDC2) into secondary lymph organs (SLOs) is critical for antigen presentation. cDC2-initiated differentiation of Tfh cells promotes the proliferation of germinal centre (GC) B cells, the formation of GCs, and the production of plasma cells (PCs), all of which contribute to the production of RABV-specific IgG and virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs). Collectively, our work demonstrates that TLR4 is necessary for the recruitment of cDC2 and for the induction of RABV-induced humoral immunity, which is regulated by the cDC2-Tfh-GC B axis. IMPORTANCE Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent rabies. TLR4, a well-known immune sensor, plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response. Here, we found that TLR4 deficiency ( TLR4 -/- ) mice suppressed the induction of humoral immune response after immunization with rabies virus (RABV), including reduced production of VNAs and RABV-specific IgG, compared with that occurred in wild-type (WT) mice. As a consequence, TLR4 -/- mice exhibited higher mortality than WT mice after challenge with virulent RABV. Importantly, further investigation found that TLR4 signaling promoted the recruitment of cDC2 (CD8α + CD11b - ), a subset of cDCs known to induce CD4 + T cell immunity through their MHC-II presentation machinery. Our results imply that TLR4 is indispensable for an efficient humoral response to rabies vaccine, which provides new insight into the development of novel rabies vaccines.

scholarly journals The time course of the humoral immune response to rhinovirus infection

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Barclay ◽  
W. Al-Nakib ◽  
P. G. Higgins ◽  
D. A. J. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Rhinovirus Infection ◽  
Nasal Secretions

SUMMARYThe specific humoral immune response of 17 volunteers to infection with human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2) has been measured both by neutralization and by ELISA. Six volunteers who had HRV-2-specific antibodies in either serum or nasal secretions before HRV-2 inoculation were resistant to infection and illness. Of the remaining 11 volunteers who had little pre-existing HRV-2-specific antibody, one was immune but 10 became infected and displayed increases in HRV-2-specific antibodies. These antibodies first increased 1–2 weeks after infection and reached a maximum at 5 weeks. All six resistant volunteers who had high pre-existing antibody and eight of the volunteers who became infected maintained their HRV-2-specific antibody for at least 1 year. At this time they were protected against reinfection. Two volunteers showed decreases in HRV-2-specific antibodies from either serum or nasal secretions. They became infected but not ill after HRV-2 inoculation 1 year later.

scholarly journals Humoral immune response in inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: When should a booster dose be administered?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ertan Kara ◽  
Ferdi Tanir ◽  
Hakan Demirhindi ◽  
Burak Mete ◽  
Filiz Kibar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Mean

Background: For a sustained and essential protective antibody response, it is important to understand how long the humoral immune response induced by the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine persists. Aims: This study aimed to detect the first and third-month concentrations and seroconversion rates of the antibodies induced by the inactivated vaccine. Study Design: This is a vaccine efficacy study. Methods: The study included 272 health workers who were vaccinated at days 0 and 28 by the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (3µg/0.5ml). Anti-S-RBD-IgG and total anti-spike/anti-nucleocapsid-IgG antibody concentrations and seroconversion rates were examined in vaccinated health workers at the 1st and 3rd months after the vaccination. The test method used for the qualitative detection and differentiation of IgG antibodies (indirect method) to SARS-CoV-2 is a chemiluminescence reaction (CLIA). Results: The mean age of the health workers was 38.93±10.59 (min:21-max:64). A total of 45(16.5%) participants declared to have had COVID-19 before the first dose of the inactivated vaccine. The participants were found to be reactive for anti-S-RBD-IgG antibodies by 98.2% and 97.8% at the first and third months, respectively, after the administration of the second dose. The decrease in the mean plasma concentrations of anti-S-RBD IgG was observed as 56.7% in the cohort with only two doses of the vaccine (1st month:42.4AU/ml versus 3rd month: 18.2AU/ml). In the cohort with a history of COVID-19 prior to the vaccination, the decrease was observed as 25.1% (1st month:58.29 versus 3rd month:43.64 AU/ml) and at a mean of 57.4 (0-90) days prior to vaccination, the decrease was of 43.1% (1st month:55.05 AU/ml versus 3rd month:31.28 AU/ml), keeping more stable in participants infected at a mean of 183.1 (91-330) days prior to vaccination (a decrease of 5.2%; with 62.34 AU/ml at 1st and 59.08 AU/ml at 3rd months). Anti-S-RBD concentrations were observed to increase 10-fold (30.44 AU/ml at 1st and 310.64 AU/ml at 3rd months) in participants infected after the vaccination and to decrease among people aged 50 years and older. Conclusion: Antibody concentrations at the 1st and 3rd months after the vaccination with two doses of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were found to be decreased, but still detectable (except in one participant). As participants who had COVID-19 at a mean of 181 (90-330) days before the vaccination presented with a more stable antibody level, it can be concluded that a booster at months 6-12, resulting in a schedule of 0-1-6 months, is recommended for the inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Keywords: Humoral immune response, vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, booster, inactive vaccine

scholarly journals Humoral Immune Response of Thai Dogs after Oral Vaccination against Rabies with the SPBN GASGAS Vaccine Strain

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Kansuda Leelahapongsathon ◽  
Suwicha Kasemsuwan ◽  
Tanu Pinyopummintr ◽  
Orawan Boodde ◽  
Parinya Phawaphutayanchai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Oral Rabies Vaccine

Applied research is crucial in pushing the boundaries and finding a solution to the age-old problem of dog-mediated rabies. Although oral vaccination of dogs is considered to have great potential in mass dog vaccination campaigns and could have far-reaching benefits, it is perhaps the most ignored of all available tools in efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies, not least because of limited data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of potential oral rabies vaccine candidates. In this study, the long-term immunogenicity in local Thai dogs after oral administration of the highly attenuated 3rd generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS was assessed. The oral rabies vaccine was administered to dogs by either direct oral administration (n = 10) or by offering a vaccine loaded intestine bait (n = 15). The humoral immune response was then compared to three groups of dogs; a group that received a parenteral delivered inactivated rabies vaccine (n = 10), a group offered a placebo intestine bait (n = 7), and a control group (n = 4) for an observation period of 365 days. There was no significant difference in the immune response of dogs that received oral and parenteral vaccine in terms of magnitude, kinetics, and persistence of both rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing (RFFIT) and binding (ELISA) antibodies. Although the single parenteral injection of an inactivated rabies vaccine mounted a slightly higher humoral immune response than the orally delivered live vaccine, RABV specific antibodies of both types were still detectable after one year in most animals for all treatment groups and resulted in no difference in seropositivity. Characterization of rabies specific antibodies revealed two main classes of antibodies involved in the immune response of dogs vaccinated. While IgM antibodies were the first to appear, the succeeding IgG response was mainly IgG2 dominated independent of the vaccine type used. The results support the view that SPBN GASGAS induces a sustained detectable immune response in local dogs both after direct oral administration and via bait application.

scholarly journals Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and its potential applications and therapeutic prospects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Zheng ◽  
Yingying Deng ◽  
Zhenyu Zhao ◽  
Binli Mao ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Potential Applications

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that poses a great threat to human health worldwide. As the humoral immune response plays essential roles in disease occurrence and development, understanding the dynamics and characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is of great importance for controlling this disease. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and further emphasize the potential applications and therapeutic prospects of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and the critical role of this immunity in vaccine development. Notably, serological antibody testing based on the humoral immune response can guide public health measures and control strategies; however, it is not recommended for population surveys in areas with very low prevalence. Existing evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals have a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2-infected children have a more effective humoral immune response than adults. The correlations between antibody (especially neutralizing antibody) titers and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection should be further examined. In addition, the emergence of cross-reactions among different coronavirus antigens in the development of screening technology and the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be given further attention.

scholarly journals Retrospective of International Serological Studies on the Formation and Dynamics of the Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: from 2020 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
E. A. Novikova ◽  
A. G. Petrova ◽  
E. V. Moskaleva ◽  
A. S. Vanyarkinа ◽  
L. V. Rychkova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Concentration Peak ◽  
Serological Studies

Last year the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has started. The new coronavirus is highly contagious and causes severe complications. The mechanisms of humoral immunity and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in a population are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to summarize and analyze numerous global and Russian serological studies for understanding dynamics of the SARSCoV-2 humoral immune response and getting an accurate picture of the seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 in the world population. The PubMed and e-library databases were searched from February 2020 to March 2021 using terms “SARSCoV-2”, “antibodies”, “humoral immunity”. At the beginning of the pandemic first studies were cross-sectional by design and were responsible for determination of the seropositivity and for understanding the fundamental humoral immunity parameters of SARS-CoV-2. Since then, longitudinal seroepidemiological studies have been studying antibody kinetics. Seroconversion time for IgM, IgG antibodies varies, but most researchers report the seroconversion of IgM from the 1st to 14th days after the onset of clinical manifestations, and the seroconversion for IgG is around the 14th day with a concentration peak by the 21st day. Regarding seroprevalence we may say about low herd immunity at the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, global seroprevalence is about 10 %, and more than 20 % for regions with high incidence and among healthcare workers. Seroprevalence studies have to be continued for more accurate monitoring of long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2, because the majority of the world’s population is still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. 

scholarly journals Comparative Efficacy and Humoral Responses of an Inactivated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Vaccine Prepared from a Local Isolate with that of a Commercial Live Vaccine in Layer Birds

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
MIA Begum ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
ATM Mahbub-E-Elahi ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
MER Bhuiyan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Local Isolate ◽  
Bursal Disease

The humoral immune response and efficacy of an inactivated adjuvanted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine prepared with a virulent local isolate was compared with a live commercial IBDV vaccine (Nobilis D78®, Intervet) in 20 layer birds during the period from October to November 2002. These day-old experimental birds were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D, each consisting of 5 birds. Each bird of groups A, B and C was immunized with live IBDV vaccine (Nobilis D78®, Intervet), live + inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBDV vaccine, respectively at day 7, day 21 and day 28, whereas birds of group D served as unvaccinated controls. The sera of chickens vaccinated with either combined (live + inactivated) or only inactivated IBDV vaccine showed clear band of precipitation with agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIDT) and higher antibody titre with ELISA. The protection test revealed that the experimentally prepared inactivated IBDV vaccine gave 100% protection against 80% protection in layer birds immunized with live commercial vaccine. Key words: Efficacy; humoral immune response; IBD: inactivated vaccine; live vaccine; layer birds doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1932 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 37-38

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