scholarly journals LONG-TERM STABILITY OF Co-C AND Pd-C EUTECTIC FIXED POINTS FOR THERMOCOUPLES CALIBRATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Yasser A. Abdelaziz ◽  
◽  
F.M. Megahed ◽  
M. M. Abdel-Aal ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
Definition Of The Kelvin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Eutectic Fixed Points

Eutectic fixed points are close to becoming a reference for high temperatures calibration, especially as the new International Temperature Scale (ITS) approach to issue after the re-definition of the Kelvin unit. In this work the long-term stability of Co-C and Pd-C eutectic fixed points were investigated using NIS-Egypt facilities. The eutectic points were measured using Pt/Pd thermocouple. The total exposure to the Co-C and Pd-C melting temperature was about 200 h for the fixed-point cell and 150 h for the Pt/Pd thermocouple. The emfs of the thermocouple at the melting point were observed to drift by about 0.25 °C. Realization uncertainties were estimated to be ~ 0.446 ◦C for Co-C and ~0.742 for Pd-C (k = 2). Results show that Co-C and Pd-C eutectic cells can exhibit long term stability.

scholarly journals Overview of measurements capabilities in radiation thermometry at CEM (Spain)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Martin ◽  
J. M. Mantilla ◽  
D. del Campo
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Radiation Thermometry ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Primary Radiation ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
Definition Of The Kelvin ◽  
Definition Of

CEM (Spanish National Institute of Metrology) is responsible for the maintenance and dissemination of the temperature national standards. Nowadays, the CEM Radiation Thermometry Laboratory disseminates and maintains the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from the Ag fixed point (961.78 °C) to 2800 °C, using Ag or Cu fixed points as reference and standard radiation thermometers (RTs) working at a wavelength of 650 nm. CEM is also able to provide traceability to the new definition of the kelvin and to perform measurements of thermodynamic temperature from 400°C to 2800°C with different RTs (wavelengths of 650 nm, 900 nm and 1550 nm) using absolute and relative primary radiation thermometry. In addition the Radiation Thermometry laboratory performs calibration of RTs working in the usual infrared ranges (1 μm and 10 μm) from – 40°C to 1600°C.

Long-Term Stability of WC-C Peritectic Fixed Point

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Khlevnoy ◽  
I. A. Grigoryeva
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability

Negotiating National Identity in North Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-173
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Identity Crisis ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe development of a polity can be explained by studying the emergence of national identity, not only as the product of conscious elite actions but as the outcome of negotiations (or lack thereof) between opposing visions within elite groups at the national movement stage and at subsequent key historical moments. Polities where effective broadbased negotiations on national identity values and beliefs were conducted among competing elites tend to enjoy a greater degree of medium to long term stability, while those emerging states where negotiations were not conducted and only one identity vision was imposed tend to suffer from identity and political crises in the course of their political development. Morocco and Algeria present two opposing cases: the former, in which broadbased inter-elite negotiations led to a definition of national identity that became widely shared by the population at large, and the latter, where the lack of such negotiations and the violent outcome of the civil war led to the imposition of only one identity vision and to the subsequent identity crisis that has plagued the country since the early 1980s.

scholarly journals P3.4 - Long Term Stability of Miniature Fixed-Point Cells Used in Self-Calibrating Thermometers

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krapf ◽  
T. Froehlich ◽  
S. Augustin ◽  
H. Mammen ◽  
G. Blumroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability
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