THE PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LIABILITY (continuation)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-255
Author(s):  
PATRICE JOURDAIN
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
French Law ◽  
Legal Professional

The French law of obligations has been undergoing significant changes in the recent years. The French contract law reform came to the end in 2018. The next set of the changes relates to the civil liability issues. A translation of a book written by one of the key French authors in this field, which translation is proposed to divide into several parts and to so make it available for the Russian legal professional community, helps to better explore the material and to clearer understand the main principles which the French approach on the fundamental problems of the civil law liability is based on.

The Civil Code, Civil Liability, and Contract Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Butt ◽  
Tim Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Vicarious Liability ◽  
Construction Contracts ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Formal Requirements ◽  
Code Civil

This chapter is about civil law in Indonesia, which is archaic and unsuited to contemporary needs. It begins by discussing the problematic influence of Dutch colonial law in this area—in particular, the Civil Code and Commercial Code, both 19th century Dutch-language texts—before explaining the operation of Article 1365 of the Civil Code, the main source of civil liability (tort) in Indonesia. After covering vicarious liability and agency, the chapter provides a summary of contract law, including the elements of a valid contact, performance, termination, and material and immaterial damages. It also deals with formal requirements, including notarisation and rules that require some contracts to be in Indonesian. It concludes with an account of consumer, e-commerce and construction contracts, to which particular rules apply.

Incumplimiento de deberes conyugales y acciones indemnizatorias: Un análisis sobre su procedencia

2015 ◽  
pp. 51-100
Author(s):  
Fabián González Cazorla
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
General Will ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Family

Resumen En la actualidad la responsabilidad civil ha sido objeto de grandes avances e importantes desarrollos respecto de su aplicabilidad. Uno de las materias de las que ya se puede comenzar a hablar, o al menos discutir, es sobre la responsabilidad civil en el ámbito de la familia y particularmente en la relación conyugal. En ese sentido, este trabajo pretende ser un aporte a la discusión actual sobre la aplicación de las normas de la responsabilidad civil por incumplimiento de deberes matrimoniales e intentar mostrar al lector cómo podría operar ésta, ya sea aplicando un régimen contractual o extracontractual. Las interpretaciones sobre cómo se entiende el matrimonio, los principios rectores del derecho de familia y del derecho civil en general, serán los elementos determinantes para llegar a una conclusión que no cierra la discusión, sino que genera un espacio de reflexión y cuestionamiento. Palabras clave: Matrimonio, deber conyugal, responsabilidad, indemnización.   BREACH OF MARITAL DUTIES AND INDEMNITY ACTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS APPLICABILITY Abstract Nowadays the Civil Liability has been object of the greatest changes and important developments regarding its application. One of the subjects we can refer to or at least discuss, is Civil Liability in the ambit of the family and particularly the conjugal relationship. That is how this work intends to be a contribution to the present discussion regarding the application of rules of Civil Liability for the breach of marital duties, and also intends to show the reader how this could operate, either using a contract law or tort law. The interpretations of how marriage is understood, the guiding principles of family law and of civil law in general, will be the determinant elements to get to a conclusion that does not close the discussion, but creates a space for reflection and questioning. Key words: marriage, marital duty, liability, compensation.

scholarly journals Pierādīšanas nasta atbildības par vainojamu rīcību piemērošanā

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-166
Author(s):  
Edijs Brants ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Duty

In this article, the author analyses the burden of proof in determination of fault-based liability. The main focus is placed on the first prerequisite of civil liability – fault, which can be defined as non-compliance of the factual conduct with the required standard of care (in form of negligence or intent). Currently, the aspect of burden of proof regarding fault is quite unclear in Latvian private law. Therefore, in this article the author answers the fundamental question: which party has the legal duty to prove the prerequisite “fault” (or its absence) according to the Civil Law? Additionally, the author will also outline the peculiarities of burden of proof in both tort law and contract law.

Legislation and the Constitutional Framework

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
French Law ◽  
Major Overhaul ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Way

This chapter introduces the main constitutional institutions and mechanism governing France, taking into account the major overhaul of the 1958 Constitution in 2008. It also shows that legislation is the primary source of law in France, that there are different types of legislation, and that legislative sources are organised hierarchically. Moreover, the chapter also considers, within the constitutional framework, the legislative process and examines the way in which bills are drafted. It also seeks to familiarise readers with the layout of a French statute. In addition, this chapter shows that much of French law though not all of it is codified. Codification is a particular legislative technique common to most civil law systems.

The Law of Tort

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
French Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Broad Approach ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the French law of tort. Although French law takes a broad approach to civil liability, when looking more closely at the way in which French judges have dealt with claims in tort, it becomes apparent that the need to avoid extending the scope of civil liability to an unlimited extent has also been present in French law. Indeed, in order to achieve desirable results, French judges have on many occasions used their discretion to interpret restrictively the elastic concepts of fault, damage, and causation. Hence, they end up dismissing claims which, for policy reasons, would have created unjust results or would have opened the gates to a flood of new claims. Thus, even though French judges do not admit to it openly in their judgments, they are influenced as regards the matter of deciding the limits of liability by general policy considerations, especially the ‘floodgates arguments’ which their English counterparts also readily understand.

Fracturing Constitutional Rights: The Prosecution of Alleged Broadcast Infringers in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Bankole Sodipo
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
Copyright Infringement ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Appeal Decision ◽  
Written Law ◽  
Court Of Appeal ◽  
Material Form

Abstract Infringement of broadcasts is often treated as a crime. The Nigerian Constitution guarantees that no-one can be prosecuted for any act that is not prescribed in a written law. Section 20 of Nigeria's Copyright Act only criminalizes dealing with infringing copies. A “copy” is defined in terms of material form. An infringing broadcast therefore connotes a recorded broadcast or a copy of a broadcast. This article argues that, statutorily, not every act that gives rise to civil liability for broadcast copyright infringement constitutes a crime. The article reviews the first broadcast copyright prosecution Court of Appeal decision in Eno v Nigerian Copyright Commission. Eno was unlawfully prosecuted, convicted and imprisoned. The article seeks to stem the wave of prosecutions on the type of charges used in Eno. In the absence of law reform, the prosecutions based on the line of charges in Eno constitute a fracturing of constitutional rights.

Classifying precontractual liability: a comparative analysis

Legal Studies ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Unjust Enrichment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Initial Focus

The common law has solved questions of liability arising in the context of precontractual negotiations by resort to a range of different doctrines and approaches, adopting in effect ‘piecemeal’ solutions to questions of precontractual liability. Consequently, debate has arisen as to how best to classify or categorise claims for precontractual work and as to which doctrines are best suited to solving problems arising from anticipated contracts. The purpose of this article is to consider this question of how best to classify (cases of) precontractual liability. The initial focus will be on the ongoing debate as to whether principles of contract law or principles of unjust enrichment can better solve problems of precontractual liability. I will be suggesting that unjust enrichment theory offers little by way of explanation of cases of precontractual liability and, indeed, draws on principles of contract law in determining questions of liability for precontractual services rendered, though it does so by formulating those principles under different guises. Irrespective, however, of the doctrines utilised by the common law to impose liability, it is possible to identify a number of common elements unifying all cases of precontractual liability. In identifying such common elements of liability, it is necessary to draw on principles of both contract and tort law. How, then, should cases of precontractual liability best be classified? A consideration of the issue of classification of precontractual liability from a perspective of German civil law will demonstrate that a better understanding of cases of precontractual liability will be gained by classifying such cases as lying between the existing categories of contract and tort.

SUBORDINATION AGREEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PRIVATE LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-107
Author(s):  
M.D. TYAZHBIN
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article is dedicated to the category of subordination agreements. Based on the concept of conflict of rights in personam, the author makes an attempt to integrate this category into the system of private law, to determine the legal nature of subordination, and from these positions to assess the effectiveness of Art. 309.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, implemented in the course of the civil law reform.

Professional secrecy and legal professional privilege

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Sladič
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Legal Professional ◽  
The Right

Legal privilege and professional secrecy of attorneys relate to the right to a fair trial (Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) as well as to the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 ECHR). The reason for protecting the lawyer via fundamental rights is the protection of fundamental rights of the lawyer’s clients. All legal orders apply legal privileges and professional secrecy; however, the contents of such are not identical. Traditionally there is an important difference between common and civil law. The professional secrecy of an attorney in civil law jurisdictions is his right and at the same time his obligation based on his membership of the Bar (that is his legal profession). In common law legal privilege comprises the contents of documents issued by an attorney to the client. Professional secrecy of attorneys in civil law jurisdictions applies solely to independent lawyers; in-house lawyers are usually not allowed to benefit from rules on professional secrecy (exceptions in the Netherlands and Belgium). On the other hand, common law jurisdictions apply legal professional privilege, recognized also to in-house lawyers. Slovenian law follows the traditional civil law concept of professional secrecy and sets a limited privilege to in-house lawyers. The article then discusses Slovenian law of civil procedure and compares the position of professional secrecy in lawsuits before State’s courts and in arbitration.

scholarly journals Contract Law Of Malaysia and Indonesia: Some Basic Comparison

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Shaik Mohd Noor Alam S.M. Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Common Law System ◽  
Civil Law System

Malaysia dan Indonesia memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan dalam sistem hukum. Keduanegara mengenal Hukum Islam dan Hukum Adat. Namun berkenaan dengan hukum Baratmaka Malaysia menganut "Common Law System ", sedangkan Indonesia negeri yangdimasukkan dalam "Civil Law System ". Karangan berikut ini mencoba memperbandingkansahnya suatu perjanjian menurut hukum "Common Law" Malaysia dan "Civil Law" Indonesia. Terlihat adanya perbedaan dalam unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi untuk sahnya suatu perjanjian di kedua negara tersebut.

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