Effect of Size and Frequency of Money Reinforcement on Human Operant (Work) Behavior

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-269E ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Work Output ◽  
College Males ◽  
Work Period ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
Monetary Payoff ◽  
Constant Tension

40 college males were assigned by counterbalancing to four equal groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design which involved mean ratios of reinforcement of 1/500 and 1/2500, and magnitudes of monetary payoff of 1¢ and 25¢. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. Analysis of variance showed significantly smaller work output for the 1¢ groups and for the 1/2500 ratio groups, for the 30-min. work period.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: IV. Temporally Extended Within-S Comparisons

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
Reinforcement Level ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
The Mean

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were recruited, to be given 5 successive, weekly, 1-hr. work sessions, each following a 20-min. “pre-test” and a questionnaire. These 1-hr. work sessions were all rewarded at the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000). The control group was continued throughout each of the 5 sessions at 15¢ each reinforcement. The test group was, for the first session, given 15¢ each reinforcement and then the reinforcement level was systematically lowered for each next session by 3¢, thus resulting in levels of 12¢, 9¢, 6¢, and 3¢ for Sessions 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8 in. distance. Counting the output of only those Ss keeping their appointments for any given session, the mean work output of the decreasing-magnitude group showed a statistically significant, poorer maintenance of work-performance level than did the control group. Counting failures to keep appointments as zero performances for each group, the test group showed even more markedly poor maintenance of output over the 5 sessions.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: II. Within-Subject Comparisons

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1193-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
College Male ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Over Time

Five groups each of 10 college male Ss were given the same frequency of reinforcement (1/1000): a control group received 10¢ each reinforcement, two groups were given different systematically increasing amounts and two groups were given systematically decreasing-sized payment schedules. The last 4 groups began at the same level as the control group, i.e., of 10¢ for each of the first 3 payments. The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through a ⅝-in. distance, for 1 hr. Compared with control group performance, the decreasing-magnitude schedules elicited more markedly decreasing performance over time as predicted. The increasing-magnitude groups were at first inconsistent in performance, but upon repetition of one of the increasing schedules and adding a third, it was found that increasing schedules evoked performances generally higher than those of the control group, although the differences in performance compared with that of the control group were not statistically significant.

Money Reinforcement and Human Operant (Work) Behavior: III. Piecework-Payment and Time-Payment Comparisons

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Toppen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Human Operant ◽  
Tension Spring ◽  
College Male ◽  
Constant Tension ◽  
Time Basis

Two groups of 10 college male Ss were given different money reinforcement schedules in single 1-hr. work periods for each S (following a combination of “pretests” and a questionnaire, used for reasons described). The work was that of repetitively pulling a manipulandum against a constant-tension spring requiring 25 lb. of force, horizontally, through 5/8-in. distance. The control group was paid at a rate of 10¢ for each 1000 pulls. The test Ss were paid in advance with instructions that they had the job of working at the machine for 1 hr, if they wished (though they were required to remain in the room) and were given the maximum rate of pay ($1.50 per hour) which it was anticipated the control Ss might earn. The test Ss were told that their work “may provide information on which to base later studies.” As predicted, the control Ss showed markedly greater output (approximately 100% greater) than that obtained from Ss paid in advance, on a time basis.

scholarly journals Assessing the Heamatology of Uda Rams Fed Graded Levels of Processed Cassava (Manihot esculentus L.) Peels

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
M. M. Mika’ilu ◽  
A. A. Kwaido ◽  
S. A. Maigandi ◽  
I. M. Ribah ◽  
K. M. Aljameel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
State University ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Hematological Values

The experiment was carried out at Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero using thirty two (32) yearlings Uda Rams in two feeding trials ran concurrently. Sixteen (16) rams were used in each experiment with four treatments replicated four times in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4). The animal represents the replicates while the processing method (drying and ensiling) and the level of inclusion represents the treatments respectively. The level of inclusion are 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peels (DCP) and ensiled cassava peels (ECP) respectively. Data were collected in each trial on hematological characteristics. Data generated was subjected to analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate the means. Hematological values of rams fed DCP were within the normal range while those fed ECP were below the normal range. The results shows significant difference (P<0.05) between dried and ensiled method of processing in terms of haemoglobin, MCH, WBC and MCV. Rams fed dried cassava peels had lower haemoglobin and PCV compared to normal range. It was concluded that there was no significant difference between rams fed dried cassava peels and those fed ensiled cassava peels at 30% level of inclusion.

Heat Treatment Map of Al2Ca-added AlSi11MnMg Pressure-Cast Alloy Plotted by Full Factorial Design of Experiment and Analysis of Variance

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
Gil-Yong Yeom ◽  
G. Eisaabadi B. ◽  
Shae K. Kim ◽  
Soong-Keun Hyun ◽  
Kyeong Suk Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Design Of Experiment ◽  
Cast Alloy ◽  
Full Factorial Design ◽  
Full Factorial

Electrocutaneous Coding of Information

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Lura I. Raple ◽  
John Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Discrimination Threshold ◽  
Electrocutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Threshold Distance ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Frequency Pulse

Responses to electrocutaneous stimulation were investigated using the two point discrimination threshold as a means of providing information about the range of sensitivity to electrical stimuli. A complete factorial design was used to investigate the effects of frequency, pulse width, and phase shift on the threshold distance at which two electrocutaneous stimuli can be discriminated. Results were analyzed by an analysis of variance. The two point discrimination threshold was found to be significant for frequency, pulse width, and the interaction between pulse width and phase shift. Electrocutaneous sensitivity was determined by the level at which the minimum two point discrimination threshold occurred.

scholarly journals Time advice and learning questions in computer simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Daniel Rey
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Design Time

<span>Students (N = 101) used an introductory text and a computer simulation to learn fundamental concepts about statistical analyses (e.g., analysis of variance, regression analysis and General Linear Model). Each learner was randomly assigned to one cell of a 2 (with or without time advice) x 3 (with learning questions and corrective feedback, with learning questions without feedback or without learning questions) between subjects factorial design. Time spent with the simulation as well as retention and transfer tests were used as dependent measures. Neither the time advice presented immediately before students chose to finish the simulation nor the learning questions presented during the simulation significantly improves learners' retention or transfer performances. Students who were asked to employ more time on the computer simulation or who received learning questions with corrective feedback spent significantly more time with the simulation than did students for whom the time advice or the learning questions were absent. The results were discussed on the basis of the </span><em>cognitive theory of multimedia learning</em><span> and the </span><em>cognitive-affective theory of learning with media</em><span>, as well as in conjunction with adaptive computer simulations.</span>

scholarly journals Investigating Photochromic Behavior of Organic Dyes in Solution Form using Multilevel Factorial Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-365
Author(s):  
Najiah Nadir ◽  
Zaharah Wahid ◽  
Amir Akramin Shafie ◽  
Farah B. Ahmad ◽  
Mat Tamizi Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Photochromic Behavior ◽  
Photochromic Compounds ◽  
Solution Form ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Open Access Article

Photochromic compounds, namely spiropyran, spirooxazine, and naphthopyran, have received much attention, because of their high potential applications in various industrial fields. The aim of this study is to understand the behavior of three photochromic dyes in solution form via statistical approach. The types of dyes and solvents were screened using multilevel factorial design. From the analysis of variance results, it was found that the types of dyes and solvents used as well as their interaction have significant effects on the absorbance and photostability. The naphthopyran compound displayed highest change in absorbance intensity, followed by spiropyran and spirooxazine, when dissolved in isopropanol separately. However, the spirooxazine is the most photostable dye compared to naphthopyran and spiropyran, with ethanol as the solvent. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Morphological changes of the Urediniospore of Puccinia kuehnii germ tube in function of temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Claudinei Antonio Minchio ◽  
Lucas Henrique Fantin ◽  
Karla Braga de Oliveira ◽  
José A Rocha ◽  
Marcelo Giovanetti Canteri
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Polynomials ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Puccinia Kuehnii ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Germ Tubes

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the morfology and length of the germ tube of Puccinia kuehnii, under the influence of temperature and incubation time. The development of the germ tube was asssesed for 24 hours. The concentration of uredospores was 2x105 esporos.ml-1 calibrated by a Neubauer chamber and plated in a 0.1 ml aliquot in water – agar (1.5%), placed in BOD and regulated at temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 °C. Readings were performed after 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours, with 5 replications. At the end of each period, germination was stopped by adding 0.1 ml of lactophenol. The length and morphology of 10 germinated spores per plate were evaluated with the help of a Motic Images MCCamera – Plus 2.0 ML software. Data were subjected to analysis of variance in a 3x6 factorial design with an interaction in orthogonal polynomials. The model estimated that a temperature of 20 °C, at 24 hours of incubation, was required to reach the maximum length. Germ tubes morphological changes were observed at incubation temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 °C showing zigzag, rectilinear and branched forms, respectively.

Conservation Abilities in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Claire Selzer ◽  
Nancy Wadsworth Denney
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Volume Conservation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Conservation Performance

The conservation abilities of middle-aged and elderly adults were compared. The design was a 3 (noninstitutionalized middle-aged, noninstitutionalized elderly, and institutionalized elderly) × 2 (male and female) × 3 (substance, weight, and volume conservation) × 2 (judgment and explanation responses) factorial design. The results of both an analysis of variance and correlational analyses indicated that age was not significantly related to conservation performance. Likewise, no significant institutionalization or sex effects were obtained. However, correlational analyses yielded a significant positive relationship between education and conservation.

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