Note on Normative Data of Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Jack Edwards ◽  
Paula Parks
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Two Measures

Using 149 undergraduates, normative data were gathered on two measures of flexibility in the thought process, Guilford's Association IV and Object Naming. The distributions of scores were positively displaced, with differences between means being small and statistically non-significant. Product-moment correlation coefficients were statistically significant ( p = .01) for the total group, for men, and for women. No sex differences were found.

Further Normative Data on Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Kelly ◽  
Stephen Hunka ◽  
Rodney Conklin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Convergent Thinking ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Flexibility Measures

Two University of Alberta samples and two high school samples were administered two measures of flexibility (Associations IV and Object Naming). Two measures of anxiety and convergent thinking data were obtained for three of the samples. The Alberta samples tended to score lower on Associations IV than an Illinois sample. Split-half reliability of the Associations IV task yielded Spearman-Brown correlations ranging from .60 to .75. The Alberta sample tended to score higher on the Object Naming task by comparison with the Illinois sample. The split-half reliability of Object Naming, however, indicates a questionable relationship between parts (Spearman-Brown Formula rs range from .15 to .57). Anxiety tended to facilitate performance among older Ss and hinder performance among the younger Ss. The two flexibility measures correlated more strongly with measures of convergent thinking than with each other.

Reliability of Selected Tests of Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Jack Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

Reliability coefficients were computed on two measures of flexibility in thinking (Associations IV and Object Naming) for a total sample of 113 Ss. Estimated reliabilities for test-retest were .746 for Associations IV and .611 for Object Naming. Split-half reliabilities were .707 and .717 for two separate administrations of Associations IV while for Object Naming the estimated reliabilities were .382 and .441. Intra-scorer coefficients were in the .90s while inter-scorer rs ranged from .801 to .942.

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

Differential Effects of Executive Processes on Working Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Xuezhu Ren ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Karl Schweizer ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Two Measures

Abstract. Although attention control accounts for a unique portion of the variance in working memory capacity (WMC), the way in which attention control contributes to WMC has not been thoroughly specified. The current work focused on fractionating attention control into distinctly different executive processes and examined to what extent key processes of attention control including updating, shifting, and prepotent response inhibition were related to WMC and whether these relations were different. A number of 216 university students completed experimental tasks of attention control and two measures of WMC. Latent variable analyses were employed for separating and modeling each process and their effects on WMC. The results showed that both the accuracy of updating and shifting were substantially related to WMC while the link from the accuracy of inhibition to WMC was insignificant; on the other hand, only the speed of shifting had a moderate effect on WMC while neither the speed of updating nor the speed of inhibition showed significant effect on WMC. The results suggest that these key processes of attention control exhibit differential effects on individual differences in WMC. The approach that combined experimental manipulations and statistical modeling constitutes a promising way of investigating cognitive processes.

scholarly journals A computerized diet questionnaire for use in diet health education

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. O'Donnell ◽  
M. Nelson ◽  
P. H. Wise ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
General Public ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Biochemical Variables ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
Alcohol Fibre ◽  
Weighed Record

A diet questionnaire was developed in association with a computer program to provide rapid nutritional feedback to the general public. The questionnaire was validated against 16 d of weighed diet records and biochemical variables in blood and urine. The highest Pearson correlation coefficients obtained between the questionnaire and the weighed records were for alcohol, fibre, iron, riboflavin (r 0.74, 0.67, 0.66, 0.66 respectively). Striking sex differences were shown in the results; the trend for higher correlations persisted in females. At least 65% of subjects were classified by questionnaire to within one quintile of the classification by weighed record for the majority of nutrients.

Mating, math achievement, and other multiple relationships

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane F. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Multiple Relationships ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Traditional Work

AbstractAlthough Geary's partitioning of mathematical abilities into those that are biologically primary and secondary is an advance over most sociobiological theories of cognitive sex differences, it remains untestable and ignores the spatial nature of women's traditional work. An alternative model based on underlying cognitive processes offers other advantages.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Schoolwork-Ability Estimates and Aspirations as a Function of Socioeconomic Level, Race, and Sex

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth C. Wylie ◽  
Edwin B. Hutchins
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Socioeconomic Level ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Ability Estimates ◽  
Self Reports

Questionnaire data from 4245 Ss, Grades 7—12, were used to test hypotheses about the influence of cultural learning on self-regard and aspirations and to examine stability of findings across times, schools, and communities. Some major findings were: Socioeconomic level was positively associated with (1) self-estimated scholastic ability and achievement, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragement. Equal or greater proportions of Negroes (as compared to whites) gave favorable self-reports on (1) scholastic ability, (2) scholastic and career aspirations, (3) perceived parental and peer encouragements. No consistent sex differences occurred regarding (1) self-estimated scholastic ability or (2) career aspirations. In the total group of Ss marked tendencies toward self-overestimation of scholastic ability occurred.

The basic cognition of jealousy: an evolutionary perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon K. Maner ◽  
Todd K. Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Basic Cognition ◽  
Direct Investigation

Penke and Asendorpf (European Journal Of Personality, vol 21, this issue) argue compellingly that research on jealousy would benefit from more direct investigation of cognitive processes, and report on research providing mixed evidence for sex differences in jealousy. We identify three limitations to the empirical approach utilised by Penke and Asendorpf, and highlight novel conceptual and methodological approaches for directly examining the basic cognitive mechanisms associated with jealousy and intrasexual rivalry. Investigating the basic cognition of intrasexual rivalry will help expand the scope of jealousy‐related research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Salivary Response to Lemon Juice as a Measure of Introversion in Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1059-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Casey ◽  
Donald L. McManis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Upper Third

The relationship between introversion, as measured by the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, and salivation to lemon juice was examined with 10 boys and 10 girls at CA 8, 10, and 12. Boys salivated significantly more than girls to lemon juice stimulation ( P < .05), but comparable sex differences also occurred in salivation to water by control Ss. Introversion correlated .43 ( P < .01) with salivation for all 25 girls but not for boys (r = .19). Ss who were in the upper third of the total group on extraversion showed significantly less salivation to lemon juice than did Ss in the lower third ( P < .025), which is consistent with Eysenck's theoretical analysis.

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