Reliability of Selected Tests of Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1267-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Jack Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

Reliability coefficients were computed on two measures of flexibility in thinking (Associations IV and Object Naming) for a total sample of 113 Ss. Estimated reliabilities for test-retest were .746 for Associations IV and .611 for Object Naming. Split-half reliabilities were .707 and .717 for two separate administrations of Associations IV while for Object Naming the estimated reliabilities were .382 and .441. Intra-scorer coefficients were in the .90s while inter-scorer rs ranged from .801 to .942.

Note on Normative Data of Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Jack Edwards ◽  
Paula Parks
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Two Measures

Using 149 undergraduates, normative data were gathered on two measures of flexibility in the thought process, Guilford's Association IV and Object Naming. The distributions of scores were positively displaced, with differences between means being small and statistically non-significant. Product-moment correlation coefficients were statistically significant ( p = .01) for the total group, for men, and for women. No sex differences were found.

Further Normative Data on Tests Measuring Flexibility in Cognitive Processes

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Kelly ◽  
Stephen Hunka ◽  
Rodney Conklin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Convergent Thinking ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Flexibility Measures

Two University of Alberta samples and two high school samples were administered two measures of flexibility (Associations IV and Object Naming). Two measures of anxiety and convergent thinking data were obtained for three of the samples. The Alberta samples tended to score lower on Associations IV than an Illinois sample. Split-half reliability of the Associations IV task yielded Spearman-Brown correlations ranging from .60 to .75. The Alberta sample tended to score higher on the Object Naming task by comparison with the Illinois sample. The split-half reliability of Object Naming, however, indicates a questionable relationship between parts (Spearman-Brown Formula rs range from .15 to .57). Anxiety tended to facilitate performance among older Ss and hinder performance among the younger Ss. The two flexibility measures correlated more strongly with measures of convergent thinking than with each other.

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

Differential Effects of Executive Processes on Working Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Xuezhu Ren ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Karl Schweizer ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Two Measures

Abstract. Although attention control accounts for a unique portion of the variance in working memory capacity (WMC), the way in which attention control contributes to WMC has not been thoroughly specified. The current work focused on fractionating attention control into distinctly different executive processes and examined to what extent key processes of attention control including updating, shifting, and prepotent response inhibition were related to WMC and whether these relations were different. A number of 216 university students completed experimental tasks of attention control and two measures of WMC. Latent variable analyses were employed for separating and modeling each process and their effects on WMC. The results showed that both the accuracy of updating and shifting were substantially related to WMC while the link from the accuracy of inhibition to WMC was insignificant; on the other hand, only the speed of shifting had a moderate effect on WMC while neither the speed of updating nor the speed of inhibition showed significant effect on WMC. The results suggest that these key processes of attention control exhibit differential effects on individual differences in WMC. The approach that combined experimental manipulations and statistical modeling constitutes a promising way of investigating cognitive processes.

Incidental Learning and Measures of Creative Potential

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-306
Author(s):  
Marie Dellas ◽  
Edward Lederman
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between incidental learning and creative potential was assessed by two measures of cognitive complexity (the Barron-Welsh Art Scale and the Asch-Barron inventory), and responses of 59 male and female undergraduate students showed that, while incidental learning had high positive correlations with intelligence and intentional learning, r with the creativity predictors was nonsignificant. Results indicate the functioning of independent motivational and cognitive processes, with differing outcomes for these variables.

scholarly journals Investigating the Interaction of Direct and Indirect Relation on Memory Judgments and Retrieval

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Maxwell ◽  
Erin Michelle Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Distractor Task ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Indirect Association ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
Similarity Information ◽  
Primary Predictor

This study examined the interactive relationship between two measures of association (direct and indirect associations) when predicting relatedness judgments and cued-recall performance. Participants were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and were given word pairs of varying relatedness to judge for their semantic, thematic, and associative strength. After completing a distractor task, participants then completed a cued recall task. First, we sought to expand previous work on judgments of associative memory (JAM) to include semantic and thematic based judgments (judgments of relatedness, JOR), while also replicating bias and sensitivity findings. Next, we tested for an interaction between direct and indirect association when predicting participant judgments while also expanding upon previous work by examining that interaction when predicting recall. The interaction between direct and indirect association was significant for both judgments and recall. For low indirect association, direct association was the primary predictor of both judgment strength and recall proportions. However, this trend reversed for high indirect association, as higher levels of indirect relation decreased the effectiveness of direct relation as a predictor. Overall, our findings indicate the degree to which the processing of similarity information impacts cognitive processes such as retrieval and item judgments, while also parsing apart the underlying, interactive relationship that exists between the norms used to represent concept information.

Chimpanzee Cooperation Is Fast and Independent From Self-Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1832-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra G. Rosati ◽  
Lauren M. DiNicola ◽  
Joshua W. Buckholtz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Cooperative Tasks ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Large-scale cooperation is a hallmark of our species and appears to be unique among primates. Yet the evolutionary mechanisms that drove the emergence of humanlike patterns of cooperation remain unclear. Studying the cognitive processes underlying cooperative behavior in apes, our closest living relatives, can help identify these mechanisms. Accordingly, we employed a novel test battery to assess the willingness of 40 chimpanzees to donate resources, instrumentally help others, and punish a culpable thief. We found that chimpanzees were faster to make prosocial than selfish choices and that more prosocial individuals made the fastest responses. Further, two measures of self-control did not predict variation in prosocial responding, and individual performance across cooperative tasks did not covary. These results show that chimpanzees and humans share key cognitive processes for cooperation, despite differences in the scope of their cooperative behaviors.

scholarly journals Abstinence-related motivational engagement for smoking cessation: Longitudinal patterns and predictive validity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247867
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Palmer ◽  
Steven K. Sutton ◽  
John B. Correa ◽  
Vani N. Simmons ◽  
Thomas H. Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Two Measures

The Abstinence-Related Motivational Engagement (ARME) scale was developed to assess motivation to remain abstinent after a smoking cessation attempt. The ARME demonstrated reliability and validity among a small sample of ex-smokers. This study expands the psychometric evaluation of the ARME and tests the ARME as a predictor of smoking status among a sample of participants quitting smoking. The parent trial tested the efficacy of a self-help smoking cessation intervention (N = 1874), with assessments every 6 months. Internal consistency and factor structure of the ARME was evaluated at each assessment to confirm use of the measure as designed. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the ARME to the Situation-specific Abstinence Self-Efficacy (SSE) scale via inter-correlations and prediction of future smoking status. Finally, the trajectories of both the ARME and SSE were compared among continuous abstainers and continuous smokers. A single-factor structure was observed at each assessment. Cronbach’s alphas ranged from 0.88–0.91 for the total sample. Correlations between the ARME and the SSE ranged from 0.38–0.47 (ps <0.001) among smokers; and from 0.09–0.15 (most ps > 0.05) among abstainers. Among current smokers, the ARME and SSE were independent positive predictors of subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.28–2.29, ps <0.001). For those currently abstinent, only the SSE predicted subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.69–2.60, ps <0.05). GEE analyses showed different trajectories for the two measures, as well as between abstainers and smokers. In conclusion, the ARME is a reliable, valid measure with unique predictive utility for current smokers and a distinct trajectory among those who have successfully quit.

Two Measures of Affect and Emotion in Italian Children Aged 6 to 11 Years

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazzeschi ◽  
Silvia Salcuni ◽  
Laura Parolin ◽  
Adriana Lis
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Emotional Understanding ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Fantasy Play ◽  
Italian Children

The authors investigated the relation between affective and cognitive processes in fantasy play and emotional understanding of 50 Italian children (25 boys and 25 girls) enrolled in regular elementary school in Northern Italy. Children were administered a standardized play task, the Affect in Play Scale, and answered questions about their understanding of emotions. Consistent, yet modest, relationships were found between dimensions of fantasy play and emotional understanding.

scholarly journals Fleeting Perceptual Experience and the Possibility of Recalling Without Seeing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Jones ◽  
Hannah Pincham ◽  
Ellis Luise Gootjes-Dreesbach ◽  
Howard Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Trace Analysis ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Token Model ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Current Experience

Abstract We explore an intensely debated problem in neuroscience, psychology and philosophy: the degree to which the “phenomenological consciousness” of the experience of a stimulus is separable from the “access consciousness” of its reportability. Specifically, it has been proposed that these two measures are dissociated from one another in one, or both directions. However, even if it was agreed that reportability and experience were doubly dissociated, the limits of dissociation logic mean we would not be able to conclusively separate the cognitive processes underlying the two. We take advantage of computational modelling and recent advances in state-trace analysis to assess this dissociation in an attentional/experiential blink paradigm. These advances in state-trace analysis make use of Bayesian statistics to quantify the evidence for and against a dissociation. Further evidence is obtained by linking our finding to a prominent model of the attentional blink – the Simultaneous Type/Serial Token model. Our results show evidence for a dissociation between experience and reportability, whereby participants appear able to encode stimuli into working memory with little, if any, conscious experience of them. This raises the possibility of a phenomenon that might be called sight-blind recall, which we discuss in the context of the current experience/reportability debate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document