Growth Response of Spinach to K Fertilizer in Different Growing Seasons

Abstract The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.

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Thinning and Diametric Fruit Growth Response of Apple Trees Treated with Benzyladenine and GA4+7 (Accel®), Carbaryl, and NAA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.787e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 787E-787

Author(s):

John A. Cline ◽

Mary Bom ◽

Donald C. Elfving

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Additional Data ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Sharp Decline ◽

Fruit Thinning ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Cluster Rate ◽

Number Of Seeds

A series of seven fruit thinning experiments with benzyladenine (BA), benzyladenine and GA4+7 (10:1 BA:GA4+7, Accel), carbaryl (CB), and NAA were conducted at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe, during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. In 1993, BA and Accel at 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg of BA/liter were applied to mature `Redspur Delicious'/M.26 and `Empire'/M.26 trees when fruit were ≈10 mm in diameter. In one set of experiments in 1994, Accel was applied at 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg of BA/liter to mature `McIntosh'/M.26 and `Empire'/M.7 trees. In a second set of experiments in 1994, Accel was applied at 0, 50, and 100 mg of BA/liter to mature `Idared'/M.26, `Empire'/M.26, and `Marshall McIntosh'/Mark trees when fruit were ≈10 mm in diameter. Additional treatments included bloom sprays of Accel at 50 mg of BA/liter, and sprays of BA at 50 mg a.i/liter, NAA at 10 mg a.i./liter, CB at 1000 mg a.i./liter, and a “low” (two fruit remaining/flower cluster) and `”high” (one fruit remaining/flower cluster) rate of hand thinning. In all experiments, thinning response to BA and Accel increased with concentration. Concentrations below 50, 100, and 300 mg BA/liter were generally ineffective for thinning `Empire', `Idared', and `McIntosh', and `Delicious', respectively. Fruit size of `Idared' and `Empire' was increased at rates of 50 mg BA/liter, whereas rates of 100 mg BA/liter were needed to increase fruit size of `McIntosh'. Accel applied to `Empire' at 150 mg BA/liter decreased the number of seeds per fruit and increased fruit length:diameter (L:D) ratios. Concentrations of Accel exceeding 100 mg BA/liter in `Red Delicious' decreased the number of seeds per fruit, while having little effect on fruit L:D ratios even though lower concentrations increased fruit L:D ratios. Diametric fruit growth measurements in 1994 indicated a temporary, but sharp, decline in growth rate immediately following treatment imposition for trees that responded positively to thinning. Additional data describing treatment effects on fruit size distribution, vegetative growth, and fruit maturity will be presented and discussed in relation to crop load.

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An Agronomic Approach to Pine Nut Production by Grafting Stone Pine on Two Rootstocks

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11111034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1034

Author(s):

Mercè Guàrdia ◽

Anna Teixidó ◽

Rut Sanchez-Bragado ◽

Neus Aletà

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Mast Seeding ◽

Stone Pine ◽

Cone Production ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Pine Nut ◽

Global Quality ◽

Nut Production ◽

Natural Stands

Stone pine (Pinus pinea) grows in natural stands within the Mediterranean basin and its nut is highly appreciated for its nutritional profile. Nevertheless, a decline in this species due to biotic and abiotic damages is currently being clearly observed. This situation has led to its development as a nut crop, to try to save its production and obtain regular harvests over the years. Under this agronomic scenario, the aim of this work was to compare the behavior of the stone pine grafted onto two rootstocks, P. pinea (PP) and P. halepensis (PH), by evaluating cone productivity, tree growth response, mast seeding patterns and pine nut composition. The field test was composed of 14 PH and 14 PP, randomly distributed into groups of 4–5 trees/rootstock. Data were from seven productive growing seasons. The results show higher growth and ripe cone production on PP rather than PH, although the productivity (cones/m2 canopy) was similar. Any effect of rootstock was observed on the mast seeding pattern and weight of cones, while the pine nut composition showed differences in the fatty acids content. The global quality of production was similar in PH and PP.

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Effects of variable nitrogen fertilization on growth, gas exchange, and biomass partitioning in black spruce and tamarack seedlings

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b05-123 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (12) ◽

pp. 1574-1580 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Anisul Islam ◽

S. Ellen Macdonald

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Growth Response ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Dry Weight ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Biomass Partitioning ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Net Assimilation

To compare the ability of black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and tamarack ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) to adjust to variable edaphic conditions, as found in natural peatlands, we varied N fertilization of seedlings in a growth chamber experiment over two growing seasons and examined growth, biomass partitioning, and gas exchange. Seedlings from both species received either high N (100 µg·L–1) or low N (10 µg·L–1) in consecutive growing seasons as follows: (i) low N and low N (LL), (ii) low N and high-N (LH), (iii) high N and low N (HL), and (iv) high N and high N (HH). Both species had greater shoot and total dry weight after 1 year in the high-N treatment as compared with seedlings grown for 1 year under low-N. For tamarack, these differences were larger and they also exhibited a positive effect of fertilization on net assimilation and water use efficiency. Only black spruce exhibited a positive growth response following the move to higher N fertilization in the second year (LL versus LH), whereas only tamarack exhibited a negative growth response following the move to lower N fertilization (HH versus HL). Still, tamarack had greater total biomass at the end of 2 years than did black spruce, irrespective of fertilizer treatment. Both species had greater total biomass in the HL treatment than in the LH treatment. Tamarack seems able to take advantage of favorable nutrient conditions, but it also experiences more dramatic growth declines under poor or deteriorating conditions. While black spruce grows more slowly than tamarack, it is somewhat buffered from declines in growth under poor or deteriorating conditions. Each species appears to be adapted in its own way to the edaphic heterogeneity that exists in natural boreal peatlands.

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Effect of potassium sources and rates on arabica coffee yield, nutrition, and macronutrient export

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000500010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 1448-1456 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mauricio Antonio Cuzato Mancuso ◽

Rogério Peres Soratto ◽

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽

Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro

Keyword(s):

Rock Powder ◽

Arabica Coffee ◽

Paulo State ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Potassium Sources ◽

Coffee Yield ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Dried Fruit ◽

Potassium Supply ◽

Red Latosol

The use of potassium (K) rock powder can be an alternative for K supply of crops. Thus, to reduce K fertilizer imports from abroad, possibilities of extracting this nutrient from Brazilian rocks are being studied. The objective was to evaluate the effect of phonolite rock powder (F2) as K source (Ekosil®) on the air-dried fruit yield, nutrition and macronutrient export of Arabica coffee. The experiment was carried out on a dystroferric Red Latosol (Typic Haplorthox), in Piraju, São Paulo State, Brazil, in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a factorial 2 × 3 + 1 arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two K sources (KCl - 58 % of K2O and F2 - 8.42 % K2O) and three rates ½-, 1-, and 2-fold the K2O rate recommended for coffee, i.e., 75, 150, and 300 kg ha-1 of K2O), plus a control (without K application). Potassium supply increased coffee yield, regardless of the source. Application of source F2 increased coffee yield similarly to KCl at the recommended K rate for coffee (150 kg ha-1 K2O), proving efficient as K supply for coffee. Potassium application increased macronutrient export in coffee, especially in the growing season with higher yield.

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Growth response of rubber seedlings to N, P, and K fertilizer in Nigeria

Fertilizer Research ◽

10.1007/bf01082976 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 169-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

OU Onuwaje ◽

FO Uzu

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

K Fertilizer

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Thinning Response of a White Pine Stand on a Reclaimed Surface Mine in Southwestern Virginia

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/24.1.9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 9-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Chad N. Casselman ◽

Thomas R. Fox ◽

James A. Burger

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Block Design ◽

Pinus Strobus ◽

Site Index ◽

Viable Alternative ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

White Pine ◽

Surface Mine ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Productive Potential

Abstract White pine (Pinus strobus L.) is planted extensively following reclamation of surface-mined land in the eastern coalfields. Little information exists on the productive potential of forests growing on reclaimed mined land and the response of these forests to intermediate stand treatments such as thinning. A thinning study was established in a 17-year-old white pine stand growing on a reclaimed surface mine in Wise County in southwest Virginia. A random complete block design was used to evaluate the growth response 9 growing seasons after thinning, when the stand was 26 years old. Stand parameters were projected to age 30 using a stand table projection. Site index of the stand was found to be 105 ft at a base age of 50 years. Thinning increased the diameter growth of the residual trees to 0.3 in. year−1 compared with 0.2 in. year−1 for the unthinned treatment; however, at age 26, there was no difference in volume or value per acre. When projected to age 30, the unthinned treatment had a volume of 6,530 ft3 ac−1 but was only worth $3,564 ac−1, whereas the thinned treatment was projected to have 6,654 ft3 ac−1, which was worth $4,559 ac−1 due to a larger percentage of the volume in sawtimber size classes. These results indicate that commercial forestry is a viable alternative for reclamation of surface-mined lands and that stands growing on reclaimed mined land can respond well to intermediate stand treatments.

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Beech and silver fir’s response along the Balkan’s latitudinal gradient

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-52670-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Matjaž Čater ◽

Tom Levanič

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Abies Alba ◽

European Beech ◽

Permanent Plots ◽

Silver Fir ◽

Light Conditions ◽

Morphological Response ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

The North ◽

North Western

Abstract At the 1000 km geographical distance in Dinaric montane forests of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), the tree response from the north-western sites towards southern, warmer and dryer sites was performed during three consecutive growing seasons (2011, 2012 and 2013). On eleven permanent plots, positioned in uneven-aged beech and fir forests above 800 m along the geographical gradient, the physiological and morphological response to light intensity were measured in predefined light categories based on the analysis of hemispherical photos. Radial growth was analysed on all plots and compared to precipitation, temperature and two drought indexes. Analysis showed a decrease in the cumulative precipitation and no change in temperature between plots. Beech was most efficient in the open area light conditions, while fir proved most efficient under shelter. Physiological response for beech increased towards SE and reached its maximal values in the middle of transect, while fir’s response decreased from the NW towards SE. Tendency to plagiotropic growth decreased from NW to SE in both species. Growth response to climatic parameters is weak, stronger in fir than in beech and decreasing towards SE.

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Growth Response of Young Yellow-Poplar to Release and Fertilization

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/21.4.175 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 175-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

James E. Johnson ◽

John J. Bollig ◽

Ronald A. Rathfon

Keyword(s):

Gypsy Moth ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Growth Response ◽

Liriodendron Tulipifera ◽

Height Growth ◽

Yellow Poplar ◽

Natural Origin ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Crown Volume ◽

Absolute Height

Abstract Release and fertilization treatments were applied to two 10-yr-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) stands of natural origin in southwest Virginia. Seven growing seasons after the first treatment, the released trees had an absolute dbh growth response of 47.4%. Fertilization did not affect any of the growth variables studied, but resulted in a significant interaction with the release treatment for absolute height growth, which was significantly increased. Initially, height growth was slower with the released trees, but they increased their growth in the later years and had significantly greater live crown ratios than the unreleased trees, 53% compared to 46%. The released trees had 311% absolute response in crown volume, significant at the 0.001 level. Release treatments like this may be advantageous in maintaining yellow-poplar on intermediate sites, which may become an important landowner objective, since a component of gypsy moth-immune yellow-poplar can reduce overall stand vulnerability. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):175-179.

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