scholarly journals Literature review on software metrics and a New Proposal

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (32) ◽  
pp. 33-59
Author(s):  
Mara Regina Dos Santos Barcelos ◽  
Carlos Francisco Simões Gomes ◽  
Adriana Manzolillo Sanseverino ◽  
Marcos Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Software Metric ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Florida Atlantic University ◽  
Bibliometric Research ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Research Show

The use of metrics is important in software development activities as they make it possible to check quality, identify failures and other benefits. The objective of this paper is to propose a new software metric based on a bibliometric study and a literature review on software metrics. The bibliometric research was carried out in the Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify the distribution of articles by year of publication, the main authors, affiliation, country, the most common languages, the types of documents, journals with more publications, areas of knowledge, and the keyword clusters. Twenty-three articles were subsequently selected for reading to compose the literature review. The results of the bibliometric research show that (i) there is no defined core of research; (ii) there is a fluctuation of the number of published articles; (iii) the predominant language is English, and the country with the highest index of publications is the United States; (iv) the main area of knowledge is computer science; (v) in relation to affiliation, Florida Atlantic University stands out; (vi) the journal with the largest number of publications is the Journal of Systems and Software. The literature review showed that many software metrics can be used for different purposes, but most of them are related to code, and none are related to acceptance. As such, a support metric for the software acceptance process is proposed to facilitate the delivery phase of the software product, providing security for the customer and cost savings for the developing company.

scholarly journals Software Product Quality Management Methodology & the Quantitative Assessment of Analyzability Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2403-2408
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Software Metric ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Java Programs ◽  
Code Metrics ◽  
Software Code

The research paper developed a new software metric methodology for evaluating the analyzability indicator for software products. The proposed research methodology provided an objective and quantitative assessment in accordance with the requirements, limitations, purpose and specific features of software products. Forty-one (41) java programs were analyzed to extract and evaluate the software metrics described in ‘Halstead metrics. The mathematical classification model was developed to replace the expert output in the evaluating process as related to the software metric indicators. The output of the algorithm was applied to identify the metrics with the greatest analyzability influence. The result indicated that 13 measured metrics with 98% of “analyzability” are relevant to seven (7) software code metrics with the remaining six (6) metrics making up only ~ 5% of “analyzability”. The analyzed ROC-curves were similarly computed to test the performance of the proposed methodology compared to the expert’s metric evaluation. The ROC-curves indicator for the proposed methodology showed resultant scores of ROC = 7.4 as compared to 7.3 from the experts’ evaluation. However, both methods were correlated effectively after analytical computations with a resultant performance which showed that the proposed method outperforms the expert’s evaluation.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of lean methods and tools in healthcare services: an alternative to improve care during the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laryssa Carvalho de Amaral ◽  
Robisom D. Calado ◽  
Adriana Melo Teixeira ◽  
Maria Helena Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Saulo Cabral Bourguignon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Stream Mapping ◽  
Lean Healthcare ◽  
Lean Tools ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract Background: Lean approach has become a trend due to its credibility achieved in several sectors, including Health services having target at the care and security of patients. This paper aims to map how Lean tools are being used in healthcare and what are their results, including those related to humanization. Methods: A Systematic Literature Review was performed according to the following steps: search for articles approaching the Lean Healthcare theme published in English between 2014 and 2020, selected on the databases of Web of Science, Scopus and Compendex (no other articles were introduced on the literature review), followed by discarding duplicates. The records were screening focusing in the section of articles reporting cases of lean healthcare adopting. No articles were excluded after the screening, which resulted in 48 articles that were deeper analysed through both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results: Value Stream Mapping (VSM), 5S and Kaizen were the most used Lean tools in related study, with 24, 14 and 13 occurrences. The simulation and the “5 Whys” were Lean tools less used, with 3 and 2 occurrences. The main benefits found with the use of such tools were a reduction in the service time and an increase in patient satisfaction. The influence of teams and doctors behavior was identified as barrier to Lean implementation. Conclusions: The word "human" was discovered to be the most used word to describe Lean works in healthcare, that was not related in earlier reviews. There was also an increase in the number of Brazilian publications on subject, compared to previous period, in which the United States led on the number of publications. Throughout the study, two related cases added an annual savings of US $ 444,911, with the implementation of Lean Healthcare. The Lean approach has been applied in some health services to reduce the time of attendance and increase patient satisfaction. These results are indicative for expanding its application in the context of pandemics such as COVID-19.

scholarly journals Object-Oriented Metrics for Quality Improvement of Object-Oriented Software

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Keyword(s):  
Software Metrics ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Software Process Improvement ◽  
Object Oriented Design ◽  
Software Applications ◽  
Software Metric ◽  
Technical Procedure ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Small Project ◽  
Software Object

Software metric is a computation of characteristics of a programming applications for quality enhancement. Software metrics are used to access the productivity and efficiency of a software product. These are helpful to understand the technical procedure used to create software. Software metric enables software engineers to assess software quality, software process improvement, monitoring and controlling of software. Object-Oriented Software Development is related to real-world objects and their characteristics creation instead of working in software applications. Class Objects have their own internal data structure, which defines their data and methods. Object-Oriented design restrained all the properties and worth of software that is allied to any large or small project. Object-Oriented metric is a measurement term in which a Object-Oriented Software holds features. These are guidelines that give an indication of the progress that a project has made quality.

A Literature Review Study of Software Defect Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feidu Akmel ◽  
Ermiyas Birihanu ◽  
Bahir Siraj
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Health Care Insurance ◽  
Software Defect ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Software Product

Software systems are any software product or applications that support business domains such as Manufacturing,Aviation, Health care, insurance and so on.Software quality is a means of measuring how software is designed and how well the software conforms to that design. Some of the variables that we are looking for software quality are Correctness, Product quality, Scalability, Completeness and Absence of bugs, However the quality standard that was used from one organization is different from other for this reason it is better to apply the software metrics to measure the quality of software. Attributes that we gathered from source code through software metrics can be an input for software defect predictor. Software defect are an error that are introduced by software developer and stakeholders. Finally, in this study we discovered the application of machine learning on software defect that we gathered from the previous research works.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology and Genetics of Hyperuricemia and Gout across Major Racial Groups: A Literature Review and Population Genetics Secondary Database Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Faven Butler ◽  
Ali Alghubayshi ◽  
Youssef Roman
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Risk Allele ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
1000 Genomes Project ◽  
1000 Genomes ◽  
Risk Alleles

Gout is an inflammatory condition caused by elevated serum urate (SU), a condition known as hyperuricemia (HU). Genetic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), can alter the function of urate transporters, leading to differential HU and gout prevalence across different populations. In the United States (U.S.), gout prevalence differentially affects certain racial groups. The objective of this proposed analysis is to compare the frequency of urate-related genetic risk alleles between Europeans (EUR) and the following major racial groups: Africans in Southwest U.S. (ASW), Han-Chinese (CHS), Japanese (JPT), and Mexican (MXL) from the 1000 Genomes Project. The Ensembl genome browser of the 1000 Genomes Project was used to conduct cross-population allele frequency comparisons of 11 SNPs across 11 genes, physiologically involved and significantly associated with SU levels and gout risk. Gene/SNP pairs included: ABCG2 (rs2231142), SLC2A9 (rs734553), SLC17A1 (rs1183201), SLC16A9 (rs1171614), GCKR (rs1260326), SLC22A11 (rs2078267), SLC22A12 (rs505802), INHBC (rs3741414), RREB1 (rs675209), PDZK1 (rs12129861), and NRXN2 (rs478607). Allele frequencies were compared to EUR using Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact test, when appropriate. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used, with p < 0.0045 for statistical significance. Risk alleles were defined as the allele that is associated with baseline or higher HU and gout risks. The cumulative HU or gout risk allele index of the 11 SNPs was estimated for each population. The prevalence of HU and gout in U.S. and non-US populations was evaluated using published epidemiological data and literature review. Compared with EUR, the SNP frequencies of 7/11 in ASW, 9/11 in MXL, 9/11 JPT, and 11/11 CHS were significantly different. HU or gout risk allele indices were 5, 6, 9, and 11 in ASW, MXL, CHS, and JPT, respectively. Out of the 11 SNPs, the percentage of risk alleles in CHS and JPT was 100%. Compared to non-US populations, the prevalence of HU and gout appear to be higher in western world countries. Compared with EUR, CHS and JPT populations had the highest HU or gout risk allele frequencies, followed by MXL and ASW. These results suggest that individuals of Asian descent are at higher HU and gout risk, which may partly explain the nearly three-fold higher gout prevalence among Asians versus Caucasians in ambulatory care settings. Furthermore, gout remains a disease of developed countries with a marked global rising.

scholarly journals 696. Bartonella quintana Endocarditis, A Case Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S400-S400
Author(s):  
Thomas D Dieringer ◽  
Glen Huang ◽  
Paul R Allyn ◽  
Jeffrey Klausner
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aortic Insufficiency ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Bartonella Quintana

Abstract Background Homelessness has been a growing issue in the United States and worldwide. Bartonella quintana, the causative agent of “Trench fever”, is a well known illness among homeless populations in urban centers. While many cases of B. quintana are self limited, the disease can have advanced presentations including endocarditis. We present a short case series of three cases of B. quintana infective endocarditis (IE) in homeless individuals in Los Angeles and review the literature of cases of B. quintana IE in the homeless population. Methods Here we report three cases of B. quintana IE encountered in homeless individuals at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) hospital system. A literature review was also conducted. PubMed was searched for published cases of human IE secondary to B. quintana in homeless individuals. Results All three patients were male with ages ranging from 39 to 57 years old with a history of homelessness and alcohol use. Presentations were subacute to chronic in nature consisting of constitutional symptoms as well as a range of symptoms corresponding with heart and renal failure. Each patient was found to have varying degrees of aortic insufficiency with either identified aortic valve vegetation or valvular thickening. Diagnosis was made with a combination of Bartonella serologies and whole genome sequencing PCR. All three patient’s courses were complicated by renal failure at varying points limiting the use of gentamicin for the full treatment course. Two patients ultimately underwent aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic insufficiency and completed therapy with doxycycline and rifampin. A single patient was discharged with plan to complete doxycycline and rifampin therapy however was lost to follow up. A literature review of 10 manuscripts describing 13 cases of B. quintana IE were identified. All the patients were male and the median age was 45. Six of the cases were in Europe and eight were in North America. All cases had left sided valve involvement (10 aortic, 6 mitral, 3 both valves). No cases of right sided IE were identified. Conclusion B. quintana IE should be considered in homeless patients with a clinical presentation concerning for IE. A combination of serology and PCR testing can be useful in diagnosis of this uncommon cause of infective endocarditis. Disclosures Jeffrey Klausner, MD, MPH, Nothing to disclose

scholarly journals Cost effectiveness analysis of implementing tuberculosis screening among applicants for non-immigrant U.S. work visas

Pneumonia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bisma Ali Sayed ◽  
Drew L. Posey ◽  
Brian Maskery ◽  
La’Marcus T. Wingate ◽  
Martin S. Cetron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Tuberculosis Screening ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background While persons who receive immigrant and refugee visas are screened for active tuberculosis before admission into the United States, nonimmigrant visa applicants (NIVs) are not routinely screened and may enter the United States with infectious tuberculosis. Objectives We evaluated the costs and benefits of expanding pre-departure tuberculosis screening requirements to a subset of NIVs who arrive from a moderate (Mexico) or high (India) incidence tuberculosis country with temporary work visas. Methods We developed a decision tree model to evaluate the program costs and estimate the numbers of active tuberculosis cases that may be diagnosed in the United States in two scenarios: 1) “Screening”: screening and treatment for tuberculosis among NIVs in their home country with recommended U.S. follow-up for NIVs at elevated risk of active tuberculosis; and, 2) “No Screening” in their home country so that cases would be diagnosed passively and treatment occurs after entry into the United States. Costs were assessed from multiple perspectives, including multinational and U.S.-only perspectives. Results Under “Screening” versus “No Screening”, an estimated 179 active tuberculosis cases and 119 hospitalizations would be averted in the United States annually via predeparture treatment. From the U.S.-only perspective, this program would result in annual net cost savings of about $3.75 million. However, rom the multinational perspective, the screening program would cost $151,388 per U.S. case averted for Indian NIVs and $221,088 per U.S. case averted for Mexican NIVs. Conclusion From the U.S.-only perspective, the screening program would result in substantial cost savings in the form of reduced treatment and hospitalization costs. NIVs would incur increased pre-departure screening and treatment costs.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Analysis of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Studies from India and Connection to Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7555
Author(s):  
Raghu Raman ◽  
Ricardo Vinuesa ◽  
Prema Nedungadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Semantic Associations ◽  
Number Of Publications

India is ranked fifth in the world in terms of COVID-19 publications accounting for 6.7% of the total. About 60% of the COVID-19 publications in the year 2020 are from United States, China, UK, Italy, and India. We present a bibliometric analysis of the publication trends and citation structure along with the identification of major research clusters. By performing network analysis of authors, citations, institutions, keywords, and countries, we explore semantic associations by applying visualization techniques. Our study shows lead taken by the United States, China, UK, Italy, India in COVID-19 research may be attributed to the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in those countries witnessing the first outbreak and also due to having access to COVID-19 data, access to labs for experimental trials, immediate funding, and overall support from the govt. agencies. A large number of publications and citations from India are due to co-authored publications with countries like the United States, UK, China, and Saudi Arabia. Findings show health sciences have the highest number of publications and citations, while physical sciences and social sciences and humanities counts were low. A large proportion of publications fall into the open-access category. With India as the focus, by comparing three major pandemics—SARS, MERS, COVID-19—from a bibliometrics perspective, we observe much broader involvement of authors from multiple countries for COVID-19 studies when compared to SARS and MERS. Finally, by applying bibliometric indicators, we see an increasing number of sustainable development-related studies from the COVID-19 domain, particularly concerning the topic of good health and well-being. This study allows for a deeper understanding of how the scholarly community from a populous country like India pursued research in the midst of a major pandemic which resulted in the closure of scientific institutions for an extended time.

scholarly journals Asian American Older Adults and Social Isolation: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 328-328
Author(s):  
Simona Kwon ◽  
Deborah Min ◽  
Stella Chong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

Abstract Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial and ethnic minority group in the United States, whose population is aging considerably. Previous studies indicate that social isolation and loneliness disproportionately affects older adults and predicts greater physical, mental, and cognitive decline. A systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines was conducted to address this emerging need to understand the scope of research focused on social isolation and loneliness among the disparity population of older Asian Americans. Four interdisciplinary databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and AgeLine; search terms included variations on social isolation, loneliness, Asian Americans, and older adults. Articles were reviewed based on six eligibility criteria: (1) research topic relevance, (2) study participants aged &gt;60 years, (3) Asian immigrants as main participants, (4) conducted in the United States, (5) published between 1995-2019, and (6) printed in the English language. The search yielded 799 articles across the four databases and 61 duplicate articles were removed. Abstracts were screened for the 738 remaining studies, 107 of which underwent full-text review. A total of 56 articles met the eligibility criteria. Synthesis of our review indicates that existing research focuses heavily on Chinese and Korean American immigrant communities, despite the heterogeneity of the diverse Asian American population. Studies were largely observational and employed community-based sampling. Critical literature gaps exist surrounding social isolation and loneliness in Asian American older adults, including the lack of studies on South Asian populations. Future studies should prioritize health promotion intervention research and focus on diverse understudied Asian subgroups.

A Follow-On Biological Drug is not a Biogeneric: Lessons from Omnitrope and Valtropin

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Roth ◽  
Nicholas M. Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Therapeutic Proteins ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Cost ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Biological Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Drug Developer ◽  
The Eu

Recent years have seen the approvals, more so in the EU than the United States, of follow-on biological drugs. These products have been new formulations of recombinant therapeutic proteins, developed to compete with the marketed originator products. Intended to closely mimic the originator products in terms of chemistry and therapeutic properties, these so-called ‘biosimilar’ products were initially conceived to be developed according to abbreviated development programmes, presumably at a substantial cost savings to both the drug developer and the consumer. With several such products now recently approved, however, it has become clear that their development programmes have been quite extensive and not particularly abbreviated. Accordingly, cost savings to consumers appear to be relatively modest.

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