scholarly journals Review on Epidemiology, Control and Public Health Importance of Bovine Fasciolosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feyisa TT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Public Health Importance

Fascioliasis is a trematode zoonotic snail-borne disease of public health and economic importance. Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that affects most population of cattle and it exists in almost all parts of the world. It is caused by commonly known species of liver fluke that are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which mainly affects domestic ruminants. Fasciolosis is more apparent in young cattle and is usually chronic in nature. Adult flukes in the bile ducts cause inflammation, biliary obstruction, distraction of liver tissue and anemia. Fasciolosis is the major burden for Animal production and by direct or indirect economic losses at different part of our country. Diagnosis of fasciolosis is based primarily on clinical signs and seasonal occurrence in endemic areas but previous history of fasciolosis on the farm or identification of snail habitats; postmortem examinations, hematological tests and examination of faeces for fluke eggs are useful. The life cycle of Fasciola spp. is a typical of digenetic treamatodes. Eggs laid by the adult parasite in the bile ducts of their hosts pass into the duodenum with the bile. The life cycle of Fasciola goes through the intermediate host and several developmental stages in the intermediate host. On a herd basis, clinical signs of fluke infection are usually vague (i.e., reduced productivity) and can be difficult to differentiate from the effects of less-thanoptimal management or other chronic disease conditions. Transmission of fasciolosis infection is depending on the presence of “lymnea snail”, host and final host. Among many parasitic problems of farm animals, fasciolosis is a major disease which imposes economic impact on livestock production particularly of cattle and sheep and it has public health importance as it have zoonotic value.

scholarly journals Acute fasciolosis in cattle in southern Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Lourdes Adrien ◽  
Ana Lucia Schild ◽  
Clairton Marcolongo-Pereira ◽  
Letícia Fiss ◽  
Jerônimo L. Ruas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Coagulation Necrosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Bile Duct Proliferation ◽  
Mild Anemia

This study describes the epidemiological and pathological aspects of an outbreak of acute fasciolosis in cattle in southern Brazil. Fifteen out of 70 three-year-old pregnant cows lost weight in the 30-40 days prior to calving. Clinical signs included diarrhea, weakness, mild anemia and jaundice. Dark yellow fluid in the abdominal cavity was observed at necropsy. Fibrin and clotted blood were adhered to the pericardium and lung, primarily in the diaphragmatic lobes. The liver was enlarged, and the capsular surface was irregular with clear areas and petechiae. At the cut surface, the liver was irregular, firm and edematous, and several hemorrhagic channels could be observed. Areas of fibrosis through the parenchyma and whitish thrombi occluding the great vessels were also observed. The livers of 10 cows that not died were condemned at slaughter for lesions of fasciolosis similar to those observed at necropsy. Microscopically, the liver showed areas of coagulation necrosis, extensive hemorrhages in the streaks or foci and disruption of the parenchyma with neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration. Fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were also observed. Immature Fasciola hepatica flukes were observed in the parenchyma surrounded by degenerated hepatocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and hemorrhages. The outbreak occurred on a farm located in an area endemic for fasciolosis, although the acute form of the disease is not common in cattle in this region. It is likely that the cows were infected by F. hepatica metacercariae released in the late fall or early spring in the rice stubble where the herd was grazing prior to calving. Although mortality due to fasciolosis in cattle is infrequent, outbreaks can occur and treatments that are effective in both the immature and adult forms of the parasite should be administered to prevent economic losses.

scholarly journals A Field Study on the Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Endoparasites in Beef Suckler Cow Herds in Germany

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Kathia Gillandt ◽  
Jenny Stracke ◽  
Tatiana Hohnholz ◽  
Ralf Waßmuth ◽  
Nicole Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
The Status ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Beef Suckler

Endoparasites are one of the major health issues in beef suckler cows and can cause economic losses. As studies on the parasitological status of beef suckler cow herds are rare, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status quo of the parasite burden in herds at four representative locations in Germany. Additionally, the farmers’ pasture management and deworming strategies were documented. Based on these data, the second aim of the study was to develop recommendations for improved deworming and pasture hygiene management. A total of 708 faecal samples were examined with parasitological routine methods. Results revealed Fasciola hepatica, gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), Eimeria species (spp.), Moniezia spp. and Dictyocaulus viviparus as the most frequent findings. Clinical signs of parasitic diseases were not found during the farm visits. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of the age status of the animal on the parasitological status in general. Due to the percentage of occurrence, detailed statistical analysis was performed for Eimeria, GIN and Fasciola hepatica, confirming the effect of age status. Assessing the parasitological status of beef suckler cows as routine procedure could help to establish an improved parasite-control management on a farm-individual basis.

scholarly journals Adhesion-Regulating Molecule from Haemonchus contortus: Potential Antigen for Diagnosis of Early Infection in Goats

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalibixiati Aimulajiang ◽  
Muhammad Ali-ul-Husnain Naqvi ◽  
Wen Chu ◽  
Mingmin Lu ◽  
Xiaowei Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Serological Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fecal Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Blood Sucking

Haemonchus contortus, a blood-sucking nematode of ruminants, causes large economic losses worldwide. Diagnosis of infection mainly depends on the evaluation of clinical signs and fecal examination. However, this has limitations for the diagnosis of early or light infections, where serological diagnosis seems to be more accurate and reliable. In this study, the recombinant H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule protein (rHCADRM) was expressed and purified, and its diagnostic potential was evaluated. Serum samples from goats experimentally infected with H. contortus (n = 5) were collected at 0 (before infection, negative control), 7, 14, 21, 35, 49, 63, 85, and 103 days post-infection (DPI). The reactions between rHcADRM and goat serum were tested using Western blot (WB) analysis. The results show that rHcADRM can be recognized in the serum as early as 14 DPI, and the antibody against rHcADRM in infected goat could be maintained for over 89 days. No reaction was found between rHcADRM and antibodies against Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica, or Toxoplasma gondii. An indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on rHcADRM. The optimal coating antigen (279 ng of rHcADRM/well) and serum dilutions (1:50) were determined by checkerboard titration. A total of 64 serum samples, including 32 from H. contortus infection goats and 32 from helminth-free goats, were used to determine the positive (0.362) and negative (0.306) cut-off values for the ELISA. The results show this serological diagnosis method is highly sensitive (90.6%) and specific (93.75%). The coefficient of variation within run and between runs was less than 11%. To apply this indirect ELISA during field examination, 51 serum samples were randomly collected from goat farms and tested using this method. The result showed that 19.6% (10/51) of goats were infected with H. contortus, which was 100% consistent with the necropsy result, higher than that of fecal examination (15.7%, 8/51). These results indicate that rHcADRM could be a potential antigen for diagnosis of H. contortus infection in goats.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Human Patients in ‎Bauchi and Gombe States, Northeastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
S. Ibrahim ◽  
S. Danbirni ◽  
A. S. Saidu ◽  
B. A. Usman ◽  
B. Y. Kaltungo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Surveillance Culture ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Banding Patterns

Tuberculosis (TB) is recognized as the most important threat to human and animal health causing morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. A study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and zoonotic implications of TB in two states of northeastern Nigeria, using abattoir surveillance, culture, and molecular typing methods. The human sputum of in-patients from selected hospitals within the study areas was also collected, cultured, and subjected to molecular typing. Out of the 250 human sputa collected, 74 (29.6%) were positive for culture and 40(16%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. Also, of the 200 tissues collected, 62(32.5%) were AFB positive and 25(12.5%) were positive on culture and 18(9.0%) were positive on Bioline® analysis. All positive isolates on Bioline® analyses were further subjected to Genotype® MBTC analysis. A total of (n = 58) isolates; sputum (n=40) and tissue (n=18), identified as MBTC were further subjected to Genotype MBTC® Hain assay PCR analysis. in order to differentiate them into their various species. Of the MBTC isolates from the tissues, 8(4.0%) were found to be Mycobacterium bovis, 5(2.5%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the remaining 5(2.5%) were unidentified using the standard banding patterns. The 40 MBTC from sputum showed 30 (75%) as Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6(15%) were Mycobacterium bovis, 3(7.5%) were Mycobacterium africanum and 1(0.4%) was unidentified using the standard banding patterns. In conclusion, the study revealed the public health importance of bTB in the study area. There is also the need for public health awareness programs on the zoonotic nature of bTB among the abattoir workers and the herdsmen.

scholarly journals Parasitic and Microbial Infestations of Fruits Sold at Otuoke, Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Ezenwaka C.O. ◽  
Amuzie C.C.
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Public Health Importance

Fruits and vegetables have numerous health importance but can act as vehicles in the transmission of foodborne diseases of public health importance. This research examined the presence of parasites and microbial organisms on fruits sold at Otuoke community, Ogbia Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria using six fruits types, including pineapple (Ananas comosus), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum), guava (Psidium guajava) and orange (Citrus sinensis). The parasites were concentrated by sedimentation and were examined using a light microscope. The result of the study showed the presence of cysts of Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, eggs of Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris lumbricoides and larva of Strongyloides stercoralis. Five out of the 6 fruits types examined were infested with at least one type of parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides (33.33%) was the most frequently detected parasite and was found on the pineapple, guava and oranges fruits. Fruit types were not significantly associated with parasitic contamination (p > 0.005). Bacteria isolated from the fruits included Lactobacillus sp., Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli was isolated in all the sampled fruits types. The total count was determined by pour plate method using MacConkey agar. Total viable bacteria count (TBC) ranged from 21.9 x 105cfu/ml to 7.27 x 105cfu/ml. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Mucor spp.. and Fusarium spp were the isolated fungi species. A high number of these microorganisms in fruits and vegetables can lead to public health emergencies. Risk reduction can be achieved through personal and food hygiene by the fruit sellers and consumers. Further studies should be conducted to address the effect of seasonal variation on the infestation of the fruits sold in this area.

scholarly journals Spontaneous primary intrathoracic, extrapulmonary hydatid cyst in a broiler rabbit

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sreekumar ◽  
A. Kirubakaran ◽  
R. Venkataramanan ◽  
P. Selvan ◽  
R. Anilkumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract Echinococcus granulosus, a zoonotic tapeworm with a dog-herbivore life cycle, is known to use ruminants, horses, pigs, etc., as intermediate hosts. Natural infections of hydatid cysts have not been documented in small animals like rabbits in India. This paper records spontaneous intrathoracic, extrapulmonary hydatid cysts of E. granulosus in a cage reared rabbit. The presence of non-invasive unilocular cyst with typical protoscolices containing rostellar hooks favoured the diagnosis of E. granulosus over E. multilocularis, the only other Echinococcus species found in India. The presence of fertile hydatid cyst points to the fact that rabbits can also act as natural intermediate hosts for E. granulosus. The significance of the findings in relation to public health importance is discussed.

scholarly journals OVICIDAL EFFECT OF PIPERACEAE SPECIES ON Biomphalaria glabrata, Schistosoma mansoni HOST

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 421-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Nakamura Rapado ◽  
Priscila Orechio de Moraes Lopes ◽  
Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi ◽  
Eliana Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Snail Population ◽  
Intermediate Host Snail ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Host Snail ◽  
Ovicidal Effect

SUMMARY Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease with public health importance in tropical and subtropical regions. An alternative to the disease control is the use of molluscicides to eliminate or reduce the intermediate host snail population causing a reduction of transmission in endemic regions. In this study nine extracts from eight Piperaceae species were evaluated against Biomphalaria glabrata embryos at blastula stage. The extracts were evaluated in concentrations ranging from 100 to 10 mg/L. Piper crassinervium and Piper tuberculatum extracts were the most active (100% of mortality at 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L respectively).

scholarly journals Copro-ELISA Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in Cattle in Van, Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Aysegul Bostanci ◽  
Bekir Oğuz
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fasciola Spp

Background: Fasciolosis is an important food borne zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola trematode parasites. There are two types of  Fasciola spp. namely F. hepatica and F. gigantica, widely distributed across the globe, affecting both human and animal hosts. In endemic regions, it is possible to base the diagnosis of fasciolosis on clinical signs and the season, however, it could be more useful to support these data with fecal examination and various hematologic and serological tests. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle in Van province by copro-ELISA technique.Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 140 cattle were technically collected and examined by sedimentationzinc sulphate flotation technique. Modified McMaster sedimentation technique was applied to the egg positive samples to determine the EPG values. Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in samples were investigated by ELISA. The coprological and antigen ELISA prevalence of fasciolosis were determined as 5.07% and 30.7%, respectively, which shows the significant difference between these methods in examining the rate of infection. The highest prevalence of fasciolosis infection was observed in 1-2 age groups (41.9%), and this prevalence was followed by 3-5 (31.2%) and ≤6 age group (5%). The differences between age groups were found significant (P < 0.05). The prevalence in female and male cattle was found as 30.1% and 35.3% This difference was not found statistically significant (P > 0.05). The highest prevalence was observed in Brown Swiss with the ratio of 40% and this was followed by 31% in Crossbreed and 22.6% in Rubia Gallega. The differences among breeds were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Discussion: Fasciola hepatica is the most common species of liver flukes, and its pathogenicity leads to significant impact on the economy of the livestock industry. The economic losses consist of costs of anthelmintics, drenches, labor, liver condemnation at meat inspection; and losses in production due to mortality, reduction in meat, milk and reduction in growth rate, fertility and decreased feed intake, conversion and lower resistance to other disease.To diagnose fasciolosis, eggs can only be detected in feces after the tenth or twelfth week of infection once the parasites have matured. It is reported that routine microscopic methods used before this stage do not provide sufficient information about the current infection status. Therefore, serological tests have been introduced for the early diagnosis of the disease. Among these tests, the ELISA test based on detecting antigens has become the most commonly used test. It is known that the probability of ELISA to cross-react with parasites that carry similar immunogenic features and the similarities between antibodies generated in previous infections and new infections pose a challenge to making the definitive diagnosis. Therefore, it is reported that to predict the parasitic potential of the host and the success of treatment beforehand, the presence of Fasciola spp. antigens can be investigated in serum instead of antibodies. In conclusion, this study has established prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle raised in Van province using the copro-ELISA technique for the first time. It has been concluded that copro-ELISA could serve as a useful technique for herd diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle in addition to fecal examinations particularly with respect to fasciolosis.

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