INTERPRETASI KARAKTER HEWAN DALAM FABEL: KAJIAN HERMENEUTIKA

AbstrakFabel merupakan cerita yang diperankan oleh hewan, tetapi karakteristik hewan tersebut adalah sifat manusia. Cerita fabel sering juga disebut cerita moral karena pesan yang ada di dalam cerita fabel berkaitan erat dengan moral. Sifat hewan tesebut juga berkaitan dengan bentuk fisik dan sifat hewan tersebut di alamnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengiterpretasikan karakter yang diperankan hewan dalam fabel dengan sifat sesungguhnya pada hewan tesebut. Kajian interpretasi pada fabel ini menggunakan toeri hermeneutika Gadamer yang menggabungkan dialektis dan histori. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dapat dismpulkan bahwa ada hubungan dan persamaan antara karakter hewan di dalam fabel dengan sifat manusia yang diperankannya dalam cerita tersebut. Hewan buas memerankan karakter manusia yang kuat dan berkuasa bahkan terkadang menyakiti hewan yang lemah. Hewan kecil seperti kancil memerankan sifat dan karakter manusia yang cerdik yang terkadang sifat cerdiknya yang dapat mengalahkan hewan yang kuat. Oleh karena itu, karakter hewan disesuaikan dengan karakter manusia yang diperankannya. Hewan buas sebagai metafor manusia yang jahat dan hewan kecil dan cerdik sebagai metafor masyarakat biasa yang cerdas. AbstractFables are stories that are played by animals, but the characteristics of these animals are human nature. Fable stories are often called moral stories because the messages in fable stories are closely related to morals. The nature of the animal is also related to the physical form and nature of the animal in its nature. This study aims to interpret the characters played by animals in the fable with the real characteristics of these animals. The interpretation of this fable uses Gadamer's hermeneutic theory which combines dialectical and historical. Based on the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that there are relationships and similarities between the animal characters in the fable and the human nature they play in the story. Wild animals portray human characters who are strong and powerful, sometimes even hurting weak animals. Small animals such as the mouse deer portray the nature and character of a clever human who sometimes can beat strong animals.

Weakly Supervised Faster-RCNN+FPN to classify small animals in camera trap images

<div>Camera traps have revolutionized animal research of many species that were previously nearly impossible to observe due to their habitat or behavior.</div><div>Deep learning has the potential to overcome the workload to the class automatically those images according to taxon or empty images. However, a standard deep neural network classifier fails because animals often represent a small portion of the high-definition images. Therefore, we propose a workflow named Weakly Object Detection Faster-RCNN+FPN which suits this challenge. The model is weakly supervised because it requires only the animal taxon label per image but doesn't require any manual bounding box annotations. First, it automatically performs the weakly supervised bounding box annotation using the motion from multiple frames. Then, it trains a Faster-RCNN+FPN model using this weak supervision.<br></div><div>Experimental results have been obtained on two datasets and an easily reproducible testbed.</div>

Weakly Supervised Faster-RCNN+FPN to classify small animals in camera trap images

<div>Camera traps have revolutionized animal research of many species that were previously nearly impossible to observe due to their habitat or behavior.</div><div>Deep learning has the potential to overcome the workload to the class automatically those images according to taxon or empty images. However, a standard deep neural network classifier fails because animals often represent a small portion of the high-definition images. Therefore, we propose a workflow named Weakly Object Detection Faster-RCNN+FPN which suits this challenge. The model is weakly supervised because it requires only the animal taxon label per image but doesn't require any manual bounding box annotations. First, it automatically performs the weakly supervised bounding box annotation using the motion from multiple frames. Then, it trains a Faster-RCNN+FPN model using this weak supervision.<br></div><div>Experimental results have been obtained on two datasets and an easily reproducible testbed.</div>

Mammalian hibernation: a unique model for medical research

Hibernation is an adaptive behavior for some small animals to survive cold winter. Hibernating mammals usually down-regulate their body temperature from ~37°C to only a few degrees. During the evolution, mammalian hibernators have inherited unique strategies to survive extreme conditions that may lead to disease or death in humans and other non-hibernators. Hibernating mammals can not only tolerant deep hypothermia, hypoxia and anoxia, but also protect them against osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, heart arrhythmia and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finding the molecular and regulatory mechanisms underlying these adaptations will provide novel ideas for treating related human diseases.

Diversity of Lepidoptera in urban parks at Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia

Urban parks are a valuable habitat for Lepidoptera, which are often neglected despite their potential role as pollinators and important food source for small animals. Lepidoptera in urban parks in Pasir Gudang are still under-studied. Yet, there is no publication on Lepidoptera in these urban parks. The objectives of this study were to determine and to compare the diversity of Lepidoptera in three urban parks (Laman Rekreasi Sungai Buluh, Tasik Dahlia and Taman Bandar) at Pasir Gudang, Johor. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was used to capture the Lepidoptera from February 2021 until April 2021. Four sampling sessions were conducted for each study site. A total of nine species from 117 individuals comprised of family Pieridae (43%), Nymphalidae (29%) and Lycaenidae (28%) were recorded from this study. The most abundant species were Zizula hylax and Elymnias hypermnestra, while Leptosia nina was the least abundant. The results from this study showed that the diversity of Lepidoptera have established in these three urban parks. Diversity of Lepidoptera in Tasik Dahlia was significantly lower compared to the other two study sites. The findings from this study could be useful as a baseline data for future research and conservation management of the order Lepidoptera around the urban parks and indirectly can support the sustainable development of the urban parks.

Effects of Different Types of Mechanical Loading on Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture in Rats

Mechanical loading is generally considered to have a positive impact on the skeleton; however, not all types of mechanical loading have the same beneficial effect. Many researchers have investigated which types of mechanical loading are more effective for improving bone mass and strength. Among the various mechanical loads, high-impact loading, such as jumping, appears to be more beneficial for bones than low-impact loadings such as walking, running, or swimming. Therefore, the different forms of mechanical loading exerted by running, swimming, and jumping exercises may have different effects on bone adaptations. However, little is known about the relationships between the types of mechanical loading and their effects on trabecular bone structure. The purpose of this article is to review the recent reports on the effects of treadmill running, jumping, and swimming on the trabecular bone microarchitecture in small animals. The effects of loading on trabecular bone architecture appear to differ among these different exercises, as several reports have shown that jumping increases the trabecular bone mass by thickening the trabeculae, whereas treadmill running and swimming add to the trabecular bone mass by increasing the trabecular number, rather than the thickness. This suggests that different types of exercise promote gains in trabecular bone mass through different architectural patterns in small animals.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloidosis

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Aberrant Aβ accumulation induces neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular alterations, and synaptic deficits, leading to cognitive impairment. Animal models recapitulating the Aβ pathology, such as transgenic, knock-in mouse and rat models, have facilitated the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutics targeting Aβ. There is a rapid advance in high-field MRI in small animals. Versatile high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, such as diffusion tensor imaging, arterial spin labeling, resting-state functional MRI, anatomical MRI, and MR spectroscopy, as well as contrast agents, have been developed for preclinical imaging in animal models. These tools have enabled high-resolution in vivo structural, functional, and molecular readouts with a whole-brain field of view. MRI has been used to visualize non-invasively the Aβ deposits, synaptic deficits, regional brain atrophy, impairment in white matter integrity, functional connectivity, and cerebrovascular and glymphatic system in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis. Many of the readouts are translational toward clinical MRI applications in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in MRI for visualizing the pathophysiology in amyloidosis animal models. We discuss the outstanding challenges in brain imaging using MRI in small animals and propose future outlook in visualizing Aβ-related alterations in the brains of animal models.

Common Uses and Adverse Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in a Cohort of Small Animal Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 2,792 Treatment Sessions

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is commonly utilized for various human conditions with a low incidence of major adverse effects (0.002–0.035%). Despite growing use in veterinary patients, there remains a paucity of literature describing its use and associated complications. The purpose of this study was to report clinical use of HBOT in small animals and identify the rate of major adverse events at a university teaching hospital. Electronic medical records were searched for small animals receiving HBOT between November 2012 and February 2020. Data extracted from the medical records included signalment, treatment indication, and adverse events. Treatment sessions totaled 2,792 in 542 dogs, 24 cats, and 10 pocket pets and exotics. Common indications included neurologic injuries (50.4%), tissue healing (31.4%), control of oomycete infection (5.5%), neoplasia or post-radiation injury (5.4%), and various miscellaneous conditions (7.4%). Observed minor adverse events included agitation in two dogs and vomiting in three dogs. The most common major adverse event was central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity in 19 dogs. Central nervous system oxygen toxicity, manifesting as focal or generalized seizures, occurred in 0.7% of treatment sessions, with increasing age (p = 0.01) and female sex (p = 0.01) identified as risk factors. One dog developed pulmonary edema following HBOT which is a reported adverse event in humans or may have been a manifestation of progression of the dog's underlying disease. No adverse events were noted in cats or other species. In conclusion, HBOT appeared safe across various indications, although oxygen toxicity affecting the CNS was higher than reports in humans. Future prospective, randomized, controlled trials should evaluate specific clinical indications and outcomes.

Genomic evidence of paternal genome elimination in globular springtails

Paternal genome elimination (PGE) - a type of reproduction in which males inherit but fail to pass on the genome of their father - evolved independently in six to eight arthropod clades. Thousands of species, including several important for agriculture, reproduce via this mode of reproduction. While some of the clades are well established PGE systems, the evidence in globular springtails (Symphypleona) remains elusive, even though they represent the oldest and most species rich clade putatively reproducing via PGE. We sequenced genomic DNA from whole bodies of Allacma fusca males with sufficiently high fractions (31 - 38%) of sperm to conclusively confirm that all the sperm carry one parental haplotype only. Although it is suggestive that the single haplotype present in sperm is maternally inherited, definitive genetic proof of the parent of origin is still needed. The genomic approach we developed allows for detection of genotypic differences between germline and soma in all species with sufficiently high fraction of germline in their bodies. This opens new opportunities for scans for reproductive modes in small animals.