scholarly journals Emission and Heavy Metal Content Characteristic of Densified Refused Derived Fuels of Oil Sludge and Biomass Combination as an Alternative Fuel for Cement Plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rati Yuliar Ningsih ◽  
Fadjar Goembira ◽  
Puti Sri Komala ◽  
Nino Perdana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Trace Element Analysis ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Standard Requirement

Hazardous Waste such Oil Sludge combined with biomass (coconut shell and rice husk) was utilized as an alternative fuel in cement plant in form of Densified-Refused Derived Fuel (D-RDF). D-RDF were Co-Processed with primary fuel into Rotary Kiln in order to reduce usage of fossil fuel and eliminate the hazardous waste by thermal treatment, meanwhile to recover the energy contained in the D-RDF, the utilization of these waste are expected without causing adverse effect into the environment. Co-Processing of D-RDF as alternative fuels into cement plant kiln must follow the regulation applied in Indonesian Environment and Forestry Minister regulation 19/2017 and European Union for Responsible Incineration and Treatment of Special Waste (EURITS). Based on previous research, D-RDF composition of oil sludge and biomass at 1:1 ratio with 5% starch addition was choose as they give best calorific value at 6000 kcal/kg. The objective of these research are to observe the emission caused by the utilization of these D-RDF and potential effect into cement or clinker product. The result show NOx and CO value are meet the standard requirement by government regulation meanwhile SO2 value which are 1251 mg/Nm3 and 1500 mg/Nm3, over the regulation standard which is 650 mg/Nm3. This issue could be overcome in the plant with pre treatment of D-RDF and utilization of Bag House Filter or Electostatic Precipitator before release the emission to the stack. Trace element analysis of D-RDF ashes (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn dan Zn) show the result are meet the EURITS regulation,  which mean utilization of D-RDF will not give quality deffect to cement or clinker product.

scholarly journals The Use of Biodrying to Prevent Self-Heating of Alternative Fuel

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Gajewska ◽  
Mateusz Malinowski ◽  
Maciej Szkoda
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
The Self ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuels ◽  
The Impact

Alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuels—RDF) have been a substitute for fossil fuels in cement production for many years. RDF are produced from various materials characterized by high calorific value. Due to the possibility of self-ignition in the pile of stored alternative fuel, treatments are carried out to help protect entrepreneurs against material losses and employees against loss of health or life. The objective of the research was to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the ability to self-heat this material. Three variants of materials (alternative fuel produced on the basis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) and on the basis of bulky waste (mainly varnished wood and textiles) and residues from selective collection waste (mainly plastics and tires) were adopted for the analysis. The novelty of the proposed solution consists in processing the analyzed materials inside the innovative ecological waste apparatus bioreactor (EWA), which results in increased process efficiency and shortening its duration. The passive thermography technique was used to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the decrease in the self-heating ability of RDF. As a result of the conducted analyses, it was clear that the biodrying process inhibited the self-heating of alternative fuel. The temperature of the stored fuel reached over 60 °C before the biodrying process. However, after the biodrying process, the maximum temperatures in each of the variants were about 30 °C, which indicates a decrease in the activity of microorganisms and the lack of self-ignition risk. The maximum temperatures obtained (>71 °C), the time to reach them (≈4 h), and the duration of the thermophilic phase (≈65 h) are much shorter than in the studies of other authors, where the duration of the thermophilic phase was over 80 h.

scholarly journals Estudio Teórico de la Influencia del Uso de Mezclas de Biodiesel de Aceite de Palma con JET a-1 en Motores a Reacción

Ingeniería ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Luisa Fernanda Mónico Muñoz ◽  
Juan José Sandoval Sotelo ◽  
Andrés Felipe Rodríguez Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Spreadsheet Program ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Aeronautical Industry

Context: like many others, today the aeronautical industry has been forced to implement methods to mitigate the damage produced to the environment due to the emission of polluting gases and in doing so, confront the problem of global warming. In this context, research on the use of alternative fuels is of paramount importance, in particular the study of engine performance when using blends of Colombian Biodiesel based on palm oil with Jet A1.Method: as a starting point, we made a review of the state of the art so as to select which engine to study and then the alternative fuels to be used. Simultaneously, Colombian biodiesel based on palm oil was selected, as it has been shown to be a fuel with good performance when it is blended in percentages of 10%, 20% and 50%. Each of the blends were tested in the laboratory to obtain their viscosity, density and calorific values. A spreadsheet program was developed to conduct the analysis, which contemplated the physical properties of mixtures and engine parameters, as well as emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx), atomization and combustion produced by the use of mixtures. The results were compared against those of the Gasturbine simulation softwareResults: CFM 56-5B was chosen as the appropriate engine for the study, because it is currently the most used in the Colombian aeronautical industry. On the other hand, none of the alternative fuel blends generates the same engine performance when using Jet A1. The blends E10 and E20 have a similar behavior, with the novelty of generating less amount of NOx emissions and improving the atomization of the fuel.Conclusions:  When the engine’s performance with conventional fuel is comparing with Biodiesel mixtures, a decrease of the thrust is produced as the percentage of Biodiesel in the mixture increases. Because the mixtures of alternative fuel have a lower calorific value fuel consumption in these cases is always greater. However, when comparing the NOx levels produced, a decrease of this pollutant is observed when using Biodiesel blends. It is worth noting that it is of great interest for future work to evaluate other pollutant emissions and, in turn, the behavior of other types of Biodiesel in jet engines.Language: Spanish.

scholarly journals Combustion of a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) Produced from the Polymeric Fraction of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Esther Acha ◽  
Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea ◽  
Clara Delgado ◽  
Lander Martinez-Canibano ◽  
Borja Baltasar Perez-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Automotive Shredder Residue ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Polymeric Fraction

The use of alternative fuels derived from residues in energy-intensive industries that rely on fossil fuels can cause considerable energy cost savings, but also significant environmental benefits by conserving non-renewable resources and reducing waste disposal. However, the switching from conventional to alternative fuels is challenging for industries, which require a sound understanding of the properties and combustion characteristics of the alternative fuel, in order to adequately adapt their industrial processes and equipment for its utilization. In this work, a solid recovered fuel (SRF) obtained from the polymeric fraction of an automotive shredder residue is tested for use as an alternative fuel for scrap preheating in an aluminium refinery. The material and chemical composition of the SRF has been extensively characterized using proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific values and thermal degradation studies. Considering the calorific value and the chlorine and mercury contents measured, the SRF can be designated as class code NCV 1; Cl 2; Hg 2 (EN ISO 21640:2021). The combustion of the SRF was studied in a laboratory-scale pilot plant, where the effects of temperature, flow, and an oxidizer were determined. The ash remaining after combustion, the collected liquid, and the generated gas phase were analysed in each test. It was observed that increasing the residence time of the gas at a high temperature allowed for a better combustion of the SRF. The oxidizer type was important for increasing the total combustion of the vapour compounds generated during the oxidation of the SRF and for avoiding uncontrolled combustion.

An improved interference correction for trace element analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1646-1647
Author(s):  
John J. Donovan ◽  
Donald A. Snyder ◽  
Mark L. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element Analysis ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
Standard Reference Materials ◽  
Characteristic Line ◽  
Analytical Line ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Calculated Concentration ◽  
X Ray

We present a simple expression for the quantitative treatment of interference corrections in x-ray analysis. WDS electron probe analysis of standard reference materials illustrate the success of the technique.For the analytical line of wavelength λ of any element A which lies near or on any characteristic line of another element B, the observed x-ray counts at We use to denote x-ray counts excited by element i in matrix j (u=unknown; s=analytical standard; ŝ=interference standard) at the wavelength of the analytical line of A, λA (Fig. 1). Quantitative analysis of A requires an accurate estimate of These counts can be estimated from the ZAF calculated concentration of B in the unknown C,Bu measured counts at λA in an interference standard of known concentration of B (and containing no A), and ZAF correction parameters for the matrices of both the unknown and the interference standard at It can be shown that:

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