scholarly journals Jurisdictional Integration: How Economic Globalisation Is Changing State Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Murray Campbell Petrie
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Despite intense debate over the impact of globalisation on state sovereignty, there is a gap in the literature on conceptualisation, measurement, and research on the depth of international policy cooperation. This thesis introduces a new concept, jurisdictional integration, defined as international agreements that constrain, to varying degrees, a state's jurisdiction to make or enforce policies free from external involvement. State jurisdiction - the recognized authority to govern by domestic law - is a more coherent and tractable concept than the traditional concept of Westphalian sovereignty. A generic spectrum of points of increasing integration of state jurisdiction is presented, together with a taxonomy of points of increasing depth of international economic policy cooperation. The practicality and value of the framework is illustrated in two ways. First, an empirical analysis is presented of the depth of jurisdictional integration in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), using WTO data, to test hypotheses of the relationship between economic integration and the depth of policy cooperation in RTAs. The results indicate that the average frequency of occurrence of the deep policy cooperation provisions increased by 118% in RTAs signed 1990-1998 compared to those signed prior to 1990. Secondly, international cooperation in competition policy is analysed through compilation of a new database of stand-alone Competition Enforcement Agreements (CEAs), and the provisions in the Competition Policy Chapters of RTAs. Ordinal indices of increasing depth of jurisdictional integration with respect to competition policy are developed. New families of agreements are identified through vector analysis. Ninety-two international agreements are ranked on an enforcement cooperation index, and are used to test descriptive propositions about international competition policy cooperation. There are an increasing number of North-South agreements; and there has been both a widening and deepening of enforcement cooperation over time. Contingency table analysis is conducted of the relationship, given the existence of an agreement, between depth of enforcement cooperation and predictor variables. Whether all signatories are OECD members is a very good predictor of deep enforcement cooperation. A lack of similarity between substantive competition laws is a very good predictor of low enforcement cooperation. The level of trade integration is a moderately good predictor of the depth of enforcement cooperation; while geographic proximity is a good predictor for RTAs but not for CEAs. The depth of cooperation is almost independent of the level of economic asymmetry between signatories. These results are consistent with theories of regulatory competition and elite norm diffusion as causal mechanisms of increased international economic policy cooperation. The depth of enforcement cooperation is also found to be a very good predictor of whether agreements are "intergovernmental" or transgovernmental. The thesis suggests that the concept of jurisdictional integration can make a significant contribution to measuring the depth of all types of international economic cooperation agreements, and potentially also to cooperation in noneconomic domains; to research on the causes and consequences of international policy cooperation; and to policy development and public debate on the management of globalisation.</p>

scholarly journals Jurisdictional Integration: How Economic Globalisation Is Changing State Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Murray Campbell Petrie
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Despite intense debate over the impact of globalisation on state sovereignty, there is a gap in the literature on conceptualisation, measurement, and research on the depth of international policy cooperation. This thesis introduces a new concept, jurisdictional integration, defined as international agreements that constrain, to varying degrees, a state's jurisdiction to make or enforce policies free from external involvement. State jurisdiction - the recognized authority to govern by domestic law - is a more coherent and tractable concept than the traditional concept of Westphalian sovereignty. A generic spectrum of points of increasing integration of state jurisdiction is presented, together with a taxonomy of points of increasing depth of international economic policy cooperation. The practicality and value of the framework is illustrated in two ways. First, an empirical analysis is presented of the depth of jurisdictional integration in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), using WTO data, to test hypotheses of the relationship between economic integration and the depth of policy cooperation in RTAs. The results indicate that the average frequency of occurrence of the deep policy cooperation provisions increased by 118% in RTAs signed 1990-1998 compared to those signed prior to 1990. Secondly, international cooperation in competition policy is analysed through compilation of a new database of stand-alone Competition Enforcement Agreements (CEAs), and the provisions in the Competition Policy Chapters of RTAs. Ordinal indices of increasing depth of jurisdictional integration with respect to competition policy are developed. New families of agreements are identified through vector analysis. Ninety-two international agreements are ranked on an enforcement cooperation index, and are used to test descriptive propositions about international competition policy cooperation. There are an increasing number of North-South agreements; and there has been both a widening and deepening of enforcement cooperation over time. Contingency table analysis is conducted of the relationship, given the existence of an agreement, between depth of enforcement cooperation and predictor variables. Whether all signatories are OECD members is a very good predictor of deep enforcement cooperation. A lack of similarity between substantive competition laws is a very good predictor of low enforcement cooperation. The level of trade integration is a moderately good predictor of the depth of enforcement cooperation; while geographic proximity is a good predictor for RTAs but not for CEAs. The depth of cooperation is almost independent of the level of economic asymmetry between signatories. These results are consistent with theories of regulatory competition and elite norm diffusion as causal mechanisms of increased international economic policy cooperation. The depth of enforcement cooperation is also found to be a very good predictor of whether agreements are "intergovernmental" or transgovernmental. The thesis suggests that the concept of jurisdictional integration can make a significant contribution to measuring the depth of all types of international economic cooperation agreements, and potentially also to cooperation in noneconomic domains; to research on the causes and consequences of international policy cooperation; and to policy development and public debate on the management of globalisation.</p>

National Competition Policy—its genesis and design

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Malcolm Abbott ◽  
Bruce Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
National Competition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter looks more specifically at the reform process leading up to the making of the Competition Principles Agreement in 1995. It also provides an examination of what this Agreement meant for the utilities sector more specifically. In doing so it explores the relationship between the state and federal governments and the impact that this had on the development of the National Competition Policy. The main principles of the Policy that were applicable to the utilities sector are explained, as well as the general background of the reform process and the Competition Principles Agreement 1995.

The Persistence of Poverty under Welfare States and the Prospects for its Abolition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
New Right ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
The Welfare State

This article examines the relationship between poverty and the welfare state and attempts to answer the question as to why poverty has persisted under all welfare states. Several major reasons for the persistence of poverty are advanced, and the author argues that the main factor underlying the failure to abolish poverty is the conflict between economic policy and social policy. The challenge to welfare states from the New Right is examined—particularly the contention that welfare states themselves create poverty and dependence—in the light of evidence of the impact of the Thatcher government's policies in Britain. Finally, the author proposes an alternative approach to the abolition of poverty, one that is based on the integration of economic and social policy.

Globalization and the Emergence of Violent Non-state Actors: The Case of Human Trafficking

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Zhidkova
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study examines the impact of globalization on the emergence of human trafficking as a transnational security threat. The author discusses the relationship between globalization and violent non-state actors (VNSAs), seeing human trafficking as one of VNSAs threatening the state in the age of globalization. The erosion of state sovereignty and emergence of transnational organized crime are analyzed in an attempt to understand the role of globalization in transforming human trafficking into a transnational challenge.

Commentary: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Doha Development Agenda Negotiations -- a Labor Perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Lee
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Smith College ◽  
The Impact

A commentary on the Doha Development Round by a representative of the AFL-CIO. Thea Lee is Policy Director at the AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C., where she oversees research and strategies on domestic and international economic policy. Previously, she worked as an international trade economist at the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, D.C. and as an editor at Dollars & Sense magazine in Boston. Lee is co-author of A Field Guide to the Global Economy, published by the New Press. Her research projects include reports on the North American Free Trade Agreement, the impact of international trade on U.S. wage inequality, and the domestic steel and textile industries. She has testified before several committees of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate on various trade topics. She serves on several advisory committees, including the State Department Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy and the Export-Import Bank Advisory Committee. She is also on the Board of Directors of the Worker Rights Consortium and the National Bureau of Economic Research. She received a Bachelor’s degree from Smith College and a Master’s degree in economics from the University of Michigan.

scholarly journals Effective employment of customs instruments in the context of the latest integration agreements

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Deineko
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
System Method ◽  
The Impact

The relevance of the research topic is explained by the negative impact of integration agreements, in particular the free trade ones, on the list of instruments that the state can use to implement its economic policy in the field of foreign economic activity, in particular - on the list of customs instruments. There is a steady global increase in international trade, coupled with the tendency to gradually reduce trade barriers by most countries. Strengthening integration processes negatively influence the breadth of influence and the list of customs instruments of economic regulation. Given the socio-economic and environmental risks that arise in the absence or lack of state regulation of economic processes, it is important to ensure the effectiveness of those instruments that may still be used under the terms of integration agreements. Additionally, the attention to the customs instruments is increasing in the context of the «economic patriotism» that is becoming popular in USA, Europe and other countries, together with the criticism of the neoliberalism. The coverage of the issue in the works of domestic and foreign scholars is sporadic in nature and is usually tied to the problem of a particular market or industry in a particular agreement. In the last years before the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, as well as in the first years after, T. Ostashko studied the potential effects of that agreement on the instruments of regulation of certain sectors of the economy of Ukraine. From the point of view of generalization of the practice of state regulation of economy in the European integration processes, it is possible to mention V. Olefir and O. Mitchenok which covers the experience of Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Africa, America and the Middle East. The above studies do not consider separate institutes of state regulation of the economy, in particular customs instruments, at a deeper level, focusing on the direct economic processes and the impact of increasing the freedom of trade turnover on national production. The research objective is to analyse the essence and impact of international economic processes on customs instruments for the implementation of the state economic policy in order to develop proposals for the effective use of these instruments. The theoretical and empirical methods of cognition in their dialectical combination are used in this work. In the analysis of existing integration processes, statistical and economic methods, in particular, comparisons, graphic constructions, as well as methods of descriptive and comparative statistics are used. Comparative methods, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and also the system method are used to determine the ways of efficient use of customs instruments. system method is used. The dynamics of the development of integration processes and the influence of their various types on the customs instruments both in general and in separate branches are revealed in the framework of this research. The international experience of using customs instruments in these conditions is investigated and the most effective ones are highlighted. The results of this research can be applied in the process of formulating the state economic policies, in particular in the context of international economic activities, food security, protection of the national agri-food market and its elements, support of the national manufacturers. The research has demonstrated that in the framework of the WTO effective applied tariffs may be effectively utilized by approximation to the bound tariffs. Within the framework of bilateral and multilateral agreements, the institute of tariff quote is an effective tool, due to flexibility and potential directions of application, Increasing the country's participation in regional and bilateral trade agreements, albeit with the risk of creating a complicated regulatory «stew» and trade intervention, leaves a sufficient number of customs tools for effective implementation of the state regulation of economy.

Devolution of competition policy under the Scotland Act 2016 after Brexit: straining at the edges of the current settlement?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Andreangeli
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Current System ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Scottish Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges that Brexit brings for the devolution of certain aspects of competition policy to Scotland. According to section 63 of the Scotland Act 2016, Scottish Ministers can ask the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) to carry out a phase 2 market investigation after having sought the agreement of their Westminster counterparts. This article will explore the consequences of Brexit for competition policy in the UK by placing the discussion against the broader background of the relationship existing between the central and devolved governments in the UK, with a particular emphasis on Scotland. After discussing, the nature and scope of the powers that have been devolved to the Scottish Government the article will examine the impact of Brexit on competition policy both in general and for these devolved aspects. It will be argued that the current system for the management of the inter-governmental relations between Westminster and Edinburgh may not be able to withstand the challenges brought by Brexit and affecting the role of the CMA and of the UK Government, respectively, in the fields of antitrust, state aid, and merger control. The article will conclude that Brexit has exposed how the current framework for intergovernmental relations may not be suitable to the demands of new forms of devolution that are not predicated upon the distinction between reserved and devolved matters, but depend on the joint decision-making between the UK and the Scottish governments. Thus, unless section 63 of the Scotland Act 2016 is to remain ineffective, it may become necessary to rethink the current ways in which Scottish and UK minister interact in areas where devolution means co-decision as opposed to one government ‘giving way’ to the other.

scholarly journals Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve Exist? An International Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nutnaree Maneejuk ◽  
Sutthipat Ratchakom ◽  
Paravee Maneejuk ◽  
Woraphon Yamaka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The level of CO2 emissions is used as the indicator of environmental damage to determine whether or not greater economic growth can lower environmental degradation under the EKC hypothesis. The investigation was performed on eight major international economic communities covering 44 countries across the world. The relationship between economic growth and environmental condition was estimated using the kink regression model, which identifies the turning point of the change in the relationship. The findings indicate that the EKC hypothesis is valid in only three out of the eight international economic communities, namely the European Union (EU), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and Group of Seven (G7). In addition, interesting results were obtained from the inclusion of four other control variables into the estimation model for groups of countries to explain the impact on environmental quality. Financial development (FIN), the industrial sector (IND), and urbanization (URB) were found to lead to increasing CO2 emissions, while renewable energies (RNE) appeared to reduce the environmental degradation. In addition, when we further investigated the existence of the EKC hypothesis in an individual country, the results showed that the EKC hypothesis is valid in only 9 out of the 44 individual countries.

Availability of Outlets and Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Macdonald ◽  
Paul C. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

A literature review was conducted on the relationship between the frequency of outlets for alcoholic beverages and consumption. The studies that are most sound methodologically, as well as the majority of other studies, suggest that an increase in the frequency of off-premise outlets is accompanied by an increase of consumption. The impact of on-premise outlets on consumption, however, has generally not shown to be a good predictor of rates of consumption. Suggestions are offered as to why other authors have not arrived at similar conclusions.

Competitor entry impact on jobs and wages in incumbent firms: retrospective evidence from a natural experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-326
Author(s):  
Sumit K. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Local Exchange ◽  
Local Exchange Carriers ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article, situated at the interface of competition policy and labor economics literatures, examines the relationship between new competitor entry and its impact on changes in the employment levels and wage levels of incumbent telecommunications firms. The context for examining the issue is the local exchange carriers’ territories within the US. In markets with above-average competitive entry by new firms there has been a significant response by incumbent firms in increasing employment levels by 11% relative to industry average values, and wage levels have risen by 11.8% relative to average levels. In modern technologically-dynamic sectors, characterized by network effects, the impact of deregulation, competition policy changes and market entry on changes in employment and wage levels in the incumbent firms have been positive. The idea as to whether across-the-board competition leads to job losses or impacts wages negatively in incumbent firms requires re-assessment and the data suggest that promoting entry can be a powerful policy option to generate useful economic outcomes.

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