scholarly journals Sorting It out: Food Waste Separation in Large New Zealand Hotels: Barriers and Incentives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Richard L Singleton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Weak Stimulus ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Waste Diversion ◽  
Waste Separation

<p>Food waste presents a resource management challenge for New Zealand communities, businesses and governance institutions. The energy, labour, soil, water and myriad other inputs used to grow, manufacture, distribute and prepare food are lost with each kilogram that is thrown away. Numerous technologies enable the energy and nutrient potential within food waste to be recovered. Systems of this type are most efficacious when food is separated from other waste streams at source. This research demonstrates that New Zealand‟s existing waste related legislation has the potential to foster market conditions favourable to food waste recovery initiatives and technologies. However, the suite of policy instruments currently actuated provides weak stimulus for the adoption, innovation or expansion of food waste diversion ventures amongst stakeholders. Current legislation does little to incentivise food waste separation within hotels. Many hotel operators are reliant upon third party provision of waste collection, recovery and or disposal services. Exceptions include operators for whom onsite food waste processing systems or arrangements with individual farmers (who collect waste at low cost) are viable. Within this thesis, food waste, the New Zealand tourism product and the environment‟s capacity to assimilate waste are conceptualised as common pool resources requiring interconnected management regimes.</p>

scholarly journals Sorting It out: Food Waste Separation in Large New Zealand Hotels: Barriers and Incentives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Richard L Singleton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Weak Stimulus ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Waste Diversion ◽  
Waste Separation

<p>Food waste presents a resource management challenge for New Zealand communities, businesses and governance institutions. The energy, labour, soil, water and myriad other inputs used to grow, manufacture, distribute and prepare food are lost with each kilogram that is thrown away. Numerous technologies enable the energy and nutrient potential within food waste to be recovered. Systems of this type are most efficacious when food is separated from other waste streams at source. This research demonstrates that New Zealand‟s existing waste related legislation has the potential to foster market conditions favourable to food waste recovery initiatives and technologies. However, the suite of policy instruments currently actuated provides weak stimulus for the adoption, innovation or expansion of food waste diversion ventures amongst stakeholders. Current legislation does little to incentivise food waste separation within hotels. Many hotel operators are reliant upon third party provision of waste collection, recovery and or disposal services. Exceptions include operators for whom onsite food waste processing systems or arrangements with individual farmers (who collect waste at low cost) are viable. Within this thesis, food waste, the New Zealand tourism product and the environment‟s capacity to assimilate waste are conceptualised as common pool resources requiring interconnected management regimes.</p>

scholarly journals Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Sim ◽  
Yoon-Su Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

scholarly journals Moving from Niche to Norm: Lessons from Food Waste Initiatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7667
Author(s):  
Lusine H. Aramyan ◽  
Gonne Beekman ◽  
Joris Galama ◽  
Sandra van der Haar ◽  
Maarten Visscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Success Traits

For a transition to a circular economy to take place, behavioural change from people who are part of the transition is a key requirement. However, this change often does not occur by itself. For systemic behavioural change, policy instruments that incentivise behaviour supporting circular food systems play a key role. These instruments need to be aligned with the environment in which the behaviour takes place. In this study, we scrutinise a case study with five initiatives on the reduction of food loss and waste (FLW) contributing to a circular food system, to understand how specific, well-targeted combinations of instruments as well as other contextual and personal factors can fuel the transition to a circular economy and the reduction of FLW. All the initiatives are taking place under the umbrella of the Dutch initiative “United against food waste” (STV). We use a behavioural change perspective to assess how initiatives that support circular food systems arise and how they can be further supported. Based on the case-study analysis, we arrive at five common success traits and barriers, and five key needs for upscaling. We conclude that motivated, inspiring frontrunners are of key importance in the initial phase of a transition process. However, once a niche initiative is ready to be scaled up, the enabling environment becomes increasingly important.

scholarly journals Sustainability-Oriented Innovations in Food Waste Management Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Carlos Martin-Rios ◽  
Anastasia Hofmann ◽  
Naomi Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
World Population ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Food is essential to our survival, yet the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that about 820 million people were undernourished in 2018. In this context, food waste generation is a particularly salient issue. Wasting food means missing opportunities to feed the growing world population and consuming scarce resources, such as land, water and energy used in the production, processing, distribution and consumption of food. Firms in HORECA (hospitality, restaurant and catering) represent a considerable share of total food waste and, more importantly, are characterized by an overall low sense of awareness about the sustainability-oriented innovation opportunities and challenges of minimizing food waste. This article draws on an in-depth case study to explore the use of technological advancements in downstream value chain. This case study draws on a tech startup providing services for HORECA companies to address a new way for companies to solve the food waste challenge. Adopting technological innovations to quantify and minimize wastage via collaborations with third-party companies can be a strategic and cost-effective way to supplement a company’s open innovation activities.

scholarly journals Costing the cold: Connecting fuel poverty & supplier switching in Wellington, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sam McLean
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Supplier Switching ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

<p>Fuel poverty describes the inability of households to afford adequate energy services, such as space heating. In New Zealand, where 25% of households are estimated to be ‘fuel poor’, high electricity prices in a restructured electricity market have an important influence on fuel poverty. However, the ability of the New Zealand Government to regulate these high electricity prices is constrained. Consequently, there is a strong reliance on consumers to switch energy suppliers, which promotes competitive prices and in turn regulates the price of electricity. In contrast to energy efficiency improvements, switching offers fuel poor households a low-cost opportunity to improve the short-term affordability of energy services. Yet, switching is suggested to not benefit fuel poor households who are in most need of affordable energy.  This thesis explored the relationship between fuel poverty and supplier switching in Wellington, New Zealand through a geographic lens. First, a new approach to identifying fuel poverty in New Zealand was applied. Using geographic information systems (GIS), a fuel poverty index was calculated to identify fuel poverty in Wellington at meshblock level. Spatial analysis of the index revealed the complexity of identifying fuel poverty and the extent to which the spatial distribution of fuel poverty in Wellington is shaped by the city’s colonial history. The index was then used to identify survey participants through which a survey was conducted exploring Wellington households’ switching behaviours. In a competitive market, consumers are expected to switch according to economically rational behaviours. However, switching behaviours in the survey sample were influenced by factors other than these economically rational behaviours. Integrating the findings of this thesis supports suggestions that switching is not benefiting the fuel poor. Finally, this thesis sheds light on the extent to which an understanding of the geography of fuel poverty can be applied towards improving the effectiveness of policy and equitable outcomes for fuel poor households.</p>

scholarly journals Costing the cold: Connecting fuel poverty & supplier switching in Wellington, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sam McLean
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Supplier Switching ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

<p>Fuel poverty describes the inability of households to afford adequate energy services, such as space heating. In New Zealand, where 25% of households are estimated to be ‘fuel poor’, high electricity prices in a restructured electricity market have an important influence on fuel poverty. However, the ability of the New Zealand Government to regulate these high electricity prices is constrained. Consequently, there is a strong reliance on consumers to switch energy suppliers, which promotes competitive prices and in turn regulates the price of electricity. In contrast to energy efficiency improvements, switching offers fuel poor households a low-cost opportunity to improve the short-term affordability of energy services. Yet, switching is suggested to not benefit fuel poor households who are in most need of affordable energy.  This thesis explored the relationship between fuel poverty and supplier switching in Wellington, New Zealand through a geographic lens. First, a new approach to identifying fuel poverty in New Zealand was applied. Using geographic information systems (GIS), a fuel poverty index was calculated to identify fuel poverty in Wellington at meshblock level. Spatial analysis of the index revealed the complexity of identifying fuel poverty and the extent to which the spatial distribution of fuel poverty in Wellington is shaped by the city’s colonial history. The index was then used to identify survey participants through which a survey was conducted exploring Wellington households’ switching behaviours. In a competitive market, consumers are expected to switch according to economically rational behaviours. However, switching behaviours in the survey sample were influenced by factors other than these economically rational behaviours. Integrating the findings of this thesis supports suggestions that switching is not benefiting the fuel poor. Finally, this thesis sheds light on the extent to which an understanding of the geography of fuel poverty can be applied towards improving the effectiveness of policy and equitable outcomes for fuel poor households.</p>

scholarly journals High Security Mechanism: Fragmentation and Replication in the Cloud with Auto Update in the System.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Shrutika Khobragade ◽  
Rohini Bhosale ◽  
Rahul Jiwahe
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hash Key ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
High Quality Service

Cloud Computing makes immense use of internet to store a huge amount of data. Cloud computing provides high quality service with low cost and scalability with less requirement of hardware and software management. Security plays a vital role in cloud as data is handled by third party hence security is the biggest concern to matter. This proposed mechanism focuses on the security issues on the cloud. As the file is stored at a particular location which might get affected due to attack and will lost the data. So, in this proposed work instead of storing a complete file at a particular location, the file is divided into fragments and each fragment is stored at various locations. Fragments are more secured by providing the hash key to each fragment. This mechanism will not reveal all the information regarding a particular file even after successful attack. Here, the replication of fragments is also generated with strong authentication process using key generation. The auto update of a fragment or any file is also done here. The concept of auto update of filles is done where a file or a fragment can be updated online. Instead of downloading the whole file, a fragment can be downloaded to update. More time is saved using this methodology.

scholarly journals Can Food Waste Reduction in Europe Help to Increase Food Availability and Reduce Pressure on Natural Resources Globally?

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-168
Author(s):  
Yaghoob Jafari ◽  
Hasan Dudu ◽  
Roberto Roson ◽  
Martina Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Global Coordination ◽  
The Eu

In recent years, reducing food waste and loss has become a policy priority in the European Union, but little is known about impacts of related measures in the EU and beyond. This study informs the debate on food waste reduction through a quantitative analysis. It considers adjustment costs for reducing food waste in food processing industries and impacts on food availability, pressure on land and water and other environmental consequences. The results suggest that the leakage effects of global trade may offset almost all benefits of food waste reduction in the EU. We thus conclude that costly efforts to reduce food waste in the EU cannot be motivated by larger contributions to global food availability and environmental benefits. This highlights the need for global coordination of such policies and/or more targeted actions in the EU which focus on specific production chains, where losses can be reduced and environmental gains obtained at a relatively low cost.

scholarly journals Distribution Channels for Wine Tourism in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Corporate Groups ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Direct Distribution

<p>This study examines the structure of the distribution channels and the underlying factors influencing the most prominent channel choices within the wine tourism industry in New Zealand. This research specifically compares wine tourism in Marlborough and Auckland. It aims to provide a better understanding of the distribution channels for practitioners in the wine tourism industry, with the hope of assisting them to develop their wine tourism businesses successfully and manage the businesses growth effectively. This is a destination-based study performed by employing qualitative approaches focusing on the supply-side through semi-structured interviews. These in-depth interviews were conducted with the owners or managers of the local wine tour operators and wineries in the two regions. The findings generally show that wine tourism businesses place a clear priority on direct distribution of their wine tourism product to visitors “at destination”; the majority of customers of all these businesses are independent visitors. Specifically, overseas independent tourists comprise the largest portion of customers to local wine tour operators in Marlborough and Auckland. The wine tour operators work more actively with intermediaries and reach tourists “in market”, “while travelling” and “at destination” than wineries in these two regions. Marlborough wineries and Auckland wine tour operators and wineries receive domestic corporate groups, most of whom are approached “at destination” with direct distribution. Compared with wineries in Marlborough, more corporate groups use Auckland wine tour operators to visit wineries. Marlborough wineries and wine tour operators, and Auckland wine tour operators receive more international visitors, whereas the majority of visitors to Auckland wineries are from Auckland. When considering the function of wine tourism distribution channels, information provision, reservation and purchase are nearly equally important to local wine tour operators in both Marlborough and Auckland; the most widely used functions for Marlborough wineries is information provision; for Auckland wineries, information provision and purchase play significant roles in the distribution of wine tourism product. Factors influencing distribution channel choice include information provision cost, commissions, businesses’ attitudes towards tourism, perceptions of the Internet, service diversity, capacity, accessibility, availability, market segments, reputation and nature of intermediaries.</p>

scholarly journals What Should Constitute Infringement of a Non-Traditional Mark?

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
Michael Handler
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Trademark Use

Various “defensive doctrines” might be employed to create space for third parties wishing to make legitimate use of features of registered non-traditional marks. This chapter explores one such doctrine: a requirement that infringing use be “use as a trademark.” This doctrine, as it has been developed in countries such as Australia and New Zealand in cases involving non-traditional marks, is more complex than is often appreciated. At times it has been stretched to accommodate worthy policy considerations, which has caused tensions with other aspects of the registration system. At other times it has been applied too restrictively, unduly limiting the scope of permissible third party use of product features. The chapter offers suggestions as to how “trademark use” might be recalibrated to manage the full range of concerns raised by non-traditional marks, in a manner that affords owners adequate protection while leaving sufficient breathing room for third party users.

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