scholarly journals Gender Based Linguistic Variations in Urdu Language and Their Role in Suppression of Females

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
Rehana yasmin Anjum ◽  
Fakhra Amjad ◽  
Saira Yousaf ◽  
Faiza Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sexist Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Oriented Approach

Sociolinguistics deals with linguistic variations such as dialect, idiolect, genderlect, register etc. It deals with ways of using particular languages and the social roles of speakers of these languages.  It is the speaker-oriented approach. Genders have different characteristics in the use of language, which lead to the gender differences in language. The present study was conducted to analyze the gender-based linguistic variations (variations at discourse and communication level) in Urdu language. Deborah Tannen’s Genderlect theory is the theoretical Background of the study. She has presented six sets of language contrasts that are used as instrument to analyze male and female conversations. It is commonly believed that women language is more sophisticated, apologetic as compared to men. These differences are called gender preferential differences in a patriarchal society with their own fancies and whims. The hypothesis is that men and women have different ways of communicating, based on male and female perception of the world as they are made of different things and contrasting style. The qualitative paradigm used in this study. Direct observation, interview and tape recording are used as tools for the data collection. Recorded conversation has been transcribed and analyzed to provide data from which these issues have been discussed. The researcher has analyzed Urdu language conversation among Urdu speech community living specially in Sialkot, according to Tannen’s speech contrasts. The data was analyzed manually. The findings show that variations occur due to the use of various linguistic devices, style, topic of discussion, power etc. This study is limited to the Urdu speech community. The limitation of my research is that I observed the language of middle class Urdu speech community not the other classes. In this research, I only highlighted variations at communication level, and delimited all other variations such as morphological, syntactic, phonological variations. Future researchers can study these aspects. The study will benefit the whole society in creation of awareness about non-sexist language to give a psychological identity of females in Pakistan.

Hidden Fissures and Epidemics in Plain Sight: The Common Paths of Syphilis and HIV in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-142
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Closed Door ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

The paper examines and compares two epidemics in Russia: syphilis in the first quarter of 20th century and HIV in the early 21st century. The author considers both epidemics from the standpoint of the social sciences by applying the concept of vulnerability to underline the social and cultural factors that cause one social group to be more susceptible to a disease than another. The article focuses on gender-based vulnerability and maintains that both epidemics follow a single, structurally similar scenario. The author shows that the vulnerability of women during both the syphilis and HIV epidemics depends upon the clear continuity in the way gender roles and expectations and the relationships between men and women were structured during the early days of the USSR and in present-day Russia. The article analyzes how stigma arises and how in both eras inequality of power and expectations for men and women formed the main channel for transmission of disease. The paths along which modern epidemics spread have been mostly inherited from the epidemics of past centuries, and in particular the HIV epidemic is following a pattern derived from the syphilis epidemic. More precisely, the current epidemics exploit the same vulnerability of certain groups, vulnerability rooted in the past and still manifest in the norms and relations in contemporary culture and society where one group is much more exposed than the other. The article relies on historical sources, in particular Lev Friedland"s book Behind a Closed Door: Observations of a Venereologist published in 1927, for its account of the syphilis epidemic in the early 20th century and on the author"s own research into the experience of women living with HIV in contemporary Russia.

Early Buddhism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinru Liu
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
Early Buddhism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Four Noble Truths

South Asia around the mid-1st millennium bce was a politically and socially turbulent time. Siddhartha, a young man of the Shakya ganasanga, witnessed the cruelty of warfare and the rising social and economic disparity of his time. He realized that the world is full of suffering. This observation evolved into the foremost truth of his doctrine of the Four Noble Truths. This essay will attempt to vividly portray the world of Buddha. It was a world where Brahmans and rajas, merchants and bankers, scribes and artisans, servants and slaves, courtesans-cum-musicians and dancers, farmers and fishermen, and people from mountains and forests, all strived to further (or at least maintain) their place on the newly formed social hierarchy. Some of those from low castes and outside the social core managed to penetrate the mainstream, but some never made it. Others born from elite families were cast out. Meanwhile, the presence of Achaemenid Persian Empire in the northwest of the subcontinent during the Buddha’s time, followed by the establishment of Hellenistic states after Alexander’s invasion in the late 4th century bce, brought new waves of immigration—thus exchanges of goods and ideas—with west and central Asia. Buddhist sangha and other communities of dissidents were refuges for some of the more unfortunate men and women looking for sanctuary. Based on stories in early Buddhist texts, namely the Pali canon and contemporary Brahmana texts (along with inclusion of Buddhist artwork of his time and after, this article will attempt reconstruct the historical Buddha and the time in which he lived.

Sexual Violence against Men and International Law – Criminalising the Unmentionable

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Mouthaan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Community ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
International Criminal Tribunals ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Based

This article will discuss the manner in which international law deals with crimes of sexual violence committed against men during armed conflict. To date sexual violence against men has received little attention from the international community; instead its focus is almost exclusively on women, yet in armed conflicts across the world, sexual violence is also perpetrated against men. The example of torture demonstrates the current weaknesses in the relevant provisions for acts of sexual violence generally, and acts of sexual violence committed against men specifically. I argue that international criminal tribunals should address sexual violence more broadly, including against men. However, rather than to adopt a piecemeal approach differentiating between acts of sexual violence suffered by men and women, the experiences of men of sexual violence in armed conflict should be used to contribute to understanding the broader issue of gender-based crimes, of which sexual violence forms part.

scholarly journals Gender Representation in EFL Textbooks for Elementary Schools: A Content Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Winda Khoirun Nisak ◽  
Furaidah Furaidah ◽  
Gunadi Harry Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World ◽  
Household Activities

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This research is a study of assessing the representation of gender in elementary school textbooks used by an international curriculum that is widely used in 160 countries throughout the world. The content analysis used to lead the representation of the male and female on the textbooks. The findings of this study indicate that the gender representation formed in the textbook shows the existence of gender equality which is reflected in the balanced emergence of male and female characters that appear in textbooks, the prevalence of the professional picture of men and women and the balance of household activities reflected in the textbook.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mengenai representasi gender di buku teks siswa sekolah dasar yang dipakai oleh kurikulum internasional yang tersebar luas di 160 negara di seluruh dunia. Konten analisis dipakai untuk melihat representasi dalam buku. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi gender yang terbentuk dalam buku teks tersebut menunjukkan adanya kesetaraan gender yang tercermin dari berimbangnya kemunculan karakter laki laki dan perempuan yang muncul dalam buku teks, meratanya gambaran profesi laki-laki dan perempuan serta berimbangnya kegiatan rumah tangga yang tercermin dalam buku teks.

Astounding Creativity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo F. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Transitional Societies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Old World ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World

This chapter explores black Caribbean ritual practitioners’ use, classification, and production of wonders in the seventeenth century. The chapter argues that wondrous events established the foundation upon which black Caribbean experiential epistemologies about nature became cemented. The Caribbean’s baffling realities were anything but stable. The chapter shows how Caribbean ritual practitioners drew from their own traditions while creating new meanings with their awe-inspiring acts; they did not simply duplicate representations of preordained, episteme-bounded signifiers of Old World origin. Witnesses to black Caribbean ritual practitioners’ reality-creating rituals could not help but feel viscerally amazed when these men and women flayed open the skin of the world to reveal its mysteries. Their ability to astonishingly master nature imbued each ritual practitioner with the social capital necessary to validate his or her diagnoses, healing procedures, and preparations. The wondrous nature of Caribbean lands allowed black ritual practitioners to claim authority over material truths in a world where facts remained difficult to articulate formally within multicultural and transitional societies.

Expanding Horizons for Interior Architecture

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-160
Author(s):  
Hafsa Olcay
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Universal Solutions ◽  
Tools And Methods ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

This chapter addresses the pressing issue of transnational forced migration around the world which has reached another level of urgency since 2015 when the countries in Europe began receiving migrants from Syria. As a result, providing housing solutions for temporary accommodation has been a significant concern and a variety of responses have been developed in and around Europe to facilitate temporary accommodation of forcibly displaced people. A significant part of these endeavours consists of efforts for developing universal solutions in the form of housing units which present a product-oriented approach and often fail to account for the complexities of dwelling. This chapter discusses the involvement of interior architects in the matters of forced migration in relevance of both their scale-focus and skillset, by critically examining the tools and methods they use and adopting the process-oriented and cross-disciplinary approaches which consider the social and cultural complexities of temporary living.

scholarly journals Gender, Health, and Development in the Americas: Basic Indicators 2019

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Disadvantaged Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Eighth Edition ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Diverse Groups

This is the eighth edition of the statistical brochure on Gender, Health, and Development in the Americas: Basic Indicators 2019. The usefulness of this brochure is widely recognized by various audiences throughout the Region of the Americas. The first step towards achieving gender equality is understanding the differences in the living and working conditions among men and women, as well as the risk factors and vulnerabilities that influence health outcomes. Additionally, in order to meet the targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals, countries should collect data to show the inequalities between diverse groups of men and women, identifying the most disadvantaged population groups and ensuring that no one is left behind. While countries of the Americas have taken significant strides in disaggregating health data by sex and age, additional efforts are still needed to include ethnic variables into health registries. This compendium of indicators illustrates the differences in health between men and women and, in the social, economic, and environmental determinants. It highlights once again the importance of continuing to collect disaggregated data to conduct gender-based analysis in order to determine, address, reduce, and eliminate the causes of gender-related inequalities.

scholarly journals Jender dalam Kisah-kisah al-Qur’an

MUTAWATIR ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Human Formation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rights Issues ◽  
Cultural Role ◽  
Divine Guidance

<strong>:</strong> It considers equality issues between men and women’s rights in some of the advanced societies of the most important issues of critical importance to the achievement of social justice among individuals, and here appeared aware of gender or gender convention to discuss those issues. Muslims as a community religious and social limitations and organized his own and different from country to country, but they inevitably come back in a lot of things and issues to the Koran as a book in which the divine guidance and the interests of all individuals. This research related to women’s and men’s rights issues and the relationship between them from the Koran perspective, where the Koran is a difference between use of words and words by context, use of the word male and female in the context of creation and differentiation diversity in human formation, while the use of the word of men and women when he was the context of the social and cultural role, Quran stories and also different style for the Torah, where it enters the principles and values and social sermons through his narrative and his words and talks in story mode

scholarly journals Gender Stratification by Variants /n/ and /ɽ̃/ in Lahore city: The Labovian Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Anila Akbar ◽  
Zarmina Khan ◽  
Saadia Ishfaq
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Gender Stratification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
Lahore City

The study is an investigation of language within the social context of the community in which it is spoken, carried out in 2019 in a region with a particular linguistic background, Lahore, the capital of Punjab, Pakistan. This research investigates the stratification of nasal variants /n/ and /ɳ/ in the Lahore city, relating parameter of gender. This research was intended to determine the male and female use of the nasal variants /n/ and /ɳ/, indicates that gender-based differences in male/female linguistic behavior in the Lahore speech community. A structured interview was administered in order to examine this issue of social stratification by language. In this regard, this study becomes a Labovian methodological replica in the present context. The results show several statistically significant differences in linguistic usage among different groups of people residing in Lahore city. This research was intended to determine whether men and women were different with respect to the use of nasal variants /n/ and /ɳ/. Moreover, an examination of the social class and regionality (urban/rural) is also under consideration in the present research.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SEMANTIK KATA ZAWJ DALAM AL-QUR’AN

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Marjiatun Hujaz ◽  
Nur Huda ◽  
Syihabudin Qalyubi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
World View ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Terms

This study aims to examines the meaning of zawj in al-Qur'an. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive-analysis method. Descriptive-analysis method aims to analyze the zawj’ word in the Qur'an. The meaning of zawj in the Qur'an is very vareative. In the Koran with various derivations, the word zawj is 21 derivations contained in 72 verses of 43 surahs and is mentioned in 81 times. The researcher used the semantic analysis of al-Qur'an which was initiated by Toshihiko Izutsu who tried to address the world view of Qu'ran (weltanschauung) through semantic analysis of the vocabulary and key terms in the Qur’an. This research concludes that the basic meaning of the word zawj is something that is not singular or something that has an equivalent. Zawj can be interpreted as: a husband in the surah (al-Mujādalah [58]: 1;wife in the surah (al-Baqarah [2]: 35; a partner, namely Allah created all beings in pairs (az-Dzariyat [51]: 49;animals are male and female pairs (al-An'ām [6]: 143), plants (al-Syu'arā [367]: 7); and groups (al-Wāqi'ah [56]: 7. In the pre- Qur'anic, the word zawj is defined as a rug. In the Qur'anic period it is divided into two, namely Mecca and Medina. The Mecca period has a close meaning with the sign of the greatness of Allah and the pleasure that Allah gives. The Medina period contains the laws of separation. In the post-Qur'anic period, the word zawj describes gender equality, that men and women are the same components without being differentiated, so that there is a harmonious life in pairs. Keywords :Diachronic, Izutsu,Semantic, Synchronic, Zawj.

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