scholarly journals GONADAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTICATED CORAL TROUT (Plectropomus leopardus) REARED IN FLOATING NET CAGE

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari BM Sembiring ◽  
R Andamari ◽  
A Muzaki ◽  
I K Wardana ◽  
J H Hutapea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Net Cage ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus ◽  
Maturation Index

<p>Research on Coral trout breeding has been started since 2002 at the Institute of Mariculture Research and Development and currently some hatcheries are being developed around the institute using natural broodstock. To promote the success on this breeding program, it is necessary to study the reproduction development of domesticated coral trout. The fishes were reared in floating net cage. Observation were conducted on 163 fishes in June 2013 with body weight range from 710 -2020 g (average of 1.393 g) and total length with range of 34-49.5 cm. Fishes were dissected and taken  out their gonad for histology preparedness. Histology analyses found that there were 156 female, 2 hermaprodite, 2 male, and 3 unidentified fishes. All female fishes were on early gonadal development (stage I and II with gonadal maturation index of observed coral trout ranged from 0.1 to 1.83). Further analyses showed that several different stages of gonad were found in the same gonad and concluded that coral trout was multiple spawnning order (asynchrounous). Based on the data above, it was concluded that gonad maturation of Coral trout is able to develop in domestication system in floating net cage.</p> <p>Keywords: Gonad, Coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), hystology, floating net cage</p>

GONADAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTICATED CORAL TROUT (Plectropomus leopardus) REARED IN FLOATING NET CAGE

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari BM Sembiring ◽  
R Andamari ◽  
A Muzaki ◽  
I K Wardana ◽  
J H Hutapea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Net Cage ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus ◽  
Maturation Index

Research on Coral trout breeding has been started since 2002 at the Institute of Mariculture Research and Development and currently some hatcheries are being developed around the institute using natural broodstock. To promote the success on this breeding program, it is necessary to study the reproduction development of domesticated coral trout. The fishes were reared in floating net cage. Observation were conducted on 163 fishes in June 2013 with body weight range from 710 -2020 g (average of 1.393 g) and total length with range of 34-49.5 cm. Fishes were dissected and taken  out their gonad for histology preparedness. Histology analyses found that there were 156 female, 2 hermaprodite, 2 male, and 3 unidentified fishes. All female fishes were on early gonadal development (stage I and II with gonadal maturation index of observed coral trout ranged from 0.1 to 1.83). Further analyses showed that several different stages of gonad were found in the same gonad and concluded that coral trout was multiple spawnning order (asynchrounous). Based on the data above, it was concluded that gonad maturation of Coral trout is able to develop in domestication system in floating net cage. Keywords: Gonad, Coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), hystology, floating net cage

scholarly journals PENGARUH RANGSANGAN HORMON AROMATASE INHIBITOR DAN OODEV TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KELAMIN DAN PERKEMBANGAN GONAD IKAN KERAPU SUNU, Plectropomus leopardus

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirmawan Tirta Yudha ◽  
Agus Oman Sudrajat ◽  
Haryanti Haryanti
Keyword(s):  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Hormonal Manipulation ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus

Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi dalam penyediaan calon induk ikan kerapu sunu Plectropomus leopardus hasil budidaya yang bersifat hermaprodit sekuensial adalah keterlambatan dalam perkembangan gonad dan perubahan gonad dari betina menjadi jantan. Manipulasi hormonal merupakan cara yang paling efektif dan efisien dalam memacu perkembangan reproduksi dan pematangan gonad. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan dosis hormon aromatase inhibitor dan oodev yang tepat untuk memacu perubahan kelamin dan perkembangan gonad ikan kerapu sunu. Ikan uji yang digunakan sebanyak 35 ekor F-1 dengan bobot rerata 2,3 ± 0,28 kg. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan. Induksi hormon dilakukan melalui penyuntikan setiap dua minggu sekali dengan empat dosis aromatase inhibitor dan oodev yang berbeda; A (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan), O (oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), AO1 (aromatase inhibitor 0,1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), dan K (plasebo). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan dan oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan efektif untuk merangsang perubahan kelamin. Perlakuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi testosteron dalam darah (2,819 ng/mL) setelah delapan minggu pemeliharaan. Berdasarkan hasil histologi gonad dan observasi terhadap ekspresi gen terkait reproduksi menggunakan gen target DMRT1 dan SOX3 menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan hormon AO2 (Aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan) terbukti dapat memacu perubahan kelamin dari betina menjadi jantan dan kematangan gonad pada ikan kerapu sunu Plectropomus leopardus.The main problems faced in providing prospective broodstock of protogynous hermaphrodite coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus are lateness of gonadal development and gonadal sex reversal from female to male. Hormonal manipulation is the most effective way to induce reproductive development and gonadal maturation. The present study aimed to determine an effective dose of aromatase inhibitor and oodev on sex reversal and gonadal development of coral trout grouper. There were 35 F-1 fish with an average weight of 2.3 ± 0.28 kg. This research was conducted for two months. The fish were injected with four different dosages of aromatase inhibitor and oodev every two weeks: A (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish), O (1 mL oodev), AO1 (aromatase inhibitor 0.1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish), AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish), and K (placebo). The results showed that the combination of aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish and oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish was effective to induce the sex change. It could increase the concentration of testosterone in the blood (2.819 ng/mL) after eight weeks of culture. Based on the results of gonadal histology and reproductive-related genes expression observations using DMRT1 and SOX3 target genes, the hormonal treatment of AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish) was able to accelerate sex reversal from female to male and gonadal maturation in coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF GONAD MATURATION AND SPAWNED OF GROUPER BROODSTOCK CROSS BREEDING BETWEEN F-2 AND F-0

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Djoko ◽  
Haryanti Haryanti ◽  
Sari Budi Moria ◽  
A Muzaki ◽  
I K Wardana
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Natural Spawning ◽  
Production Success ◽  
Genetic Characters ◽  
Very High

<p>In fish grouper escpecially humpback grouper culture, seed and broodstock quality and availability determine the production success. Main supply of wild broodstock still dominates grouper hatchery activities, therefore, the exploitation of the wild broodstock is very high. Efforts to use the supply of cultured broodstock through selection and breeding processes will greatly determine their culture success. The purpose of this experiment was to get seeds from the cross breeding between F-2 and F-0. The research used two (2) concrete tanks with volume of 75 m<sup>3</sup> each. Each tank was filled with 20  fishes consisting of 10 fishes of F-2 and 10 fishes of F-0. The experiment was conducted the Institute of Mariculture Research and Development, Gondol, Bali. The result showed a good gonadal development and natural spawning of cross breeding between F-2 and F-0. Total number of eggs (1.320.000) was found the highest in May in tank A, while the highest fertilized eggs of 385.000 were found in June.  The SSCP analyses showed no difference in genetic characters of broodstock from cross-breeding between the female parent F-2 and F-0 male parent.</p> <p>Keywords: Humpback Grouper, gonad, spawned, cross breeding, larvae</p>

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL MALE BROODSTOCK OF CORAL TROUT GROUPER (Plectropomus leopardus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari B. Moria Sembiring ◽  
Jhon H. Hutapea ◽  
A. Muzaki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Male Production ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus

Fertilization rate of the first generation of coral trout grouper, Plectropomus leopardus from wild broodstock in cultured tank was relatively low of 10-35%. Based on gonad histology analysis of 30 samples, only one male was found in early stage maturation. Therefore, it is needed to increase functional male production to ensure an increase level of egg fertilization. The experiment was conducted for 9 months using coral trout broodstock, from wild stock as control and selected F1 from culture as treatment. Broodstocks were reared in three tanks, each was 100 m3 in volume with 54 fishes/tank. All selected cultured fish (F1) in tank C were implanted with 17a-MT hormone at 50 mg/kg of body weight every month for 3 consecutive months. Wild stock fish in tank A and selected cultured fish (F1) in tank B were not implant as controls. The result showed that the number of male  increased 6 times in implanted by 17a-MT hormone compared to fish without implant only increased 2 times. Therefore, eggs fertilization and hatching rate were significantly increased by implanting F1 broodstocks with hormone17a-MT. Keywords: Functional male, broodstock, Coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus)

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF GONAD MATURATION AND SPAWNED OF GROUPER BROODSTOCK CROSS BREEDING BETWEEN F-2 AND F-0

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Djoko ◽  
Haryanti Haryanti ◽  
Sari Budi Moria ◽  
A Muzaki ◽  
I K Wardana
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Natural Spawning ◽  
Production Success ◽  
Genetic Characters ◽  
Very High

In fish grouper escpecially humpback grouper culture, seed and broodstock quality and availability determine the production success. Main supply of wild broodstock still dominates grouper hatchery activities, therefore, the exploitation of the wild broodstock is very high. Efforts to use the supply of cultured broodstock through selection and breeding processes will greatly determine their culture success. The purpose of this experiment was to get seeds from the cross breeding between F-2 and F-0. The research used two (2) concrete tanks with volume of 75 m3 each. Each tank was filled with 20  fishes consisting of 10 fishes of F-2 and 10 fishes of F-0. The experiment was conducted the Institute of Mariculture Research and Development, Gondol, Bali. The result showed a good gonadal development and natural spawning of cross breeding between F-2 and F-0. Total number of eggs (1.320.000) was found the highest in May in tank A, while the highest fertilized eggs of 385.000 were found in June.  The SSCP analyses showed no difference in genetic characters of broodstock from cross-breeding between the female parent F-2 and F-0 male parent. Keywords: Humpback Grouper, gonad, spawned, cross breeding, larvae

scholarly journals DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF WATER EXCHANGE ON GROWTH OF CORAL TROUT GROUPER FINGERLING (Plectropomus leopardus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titiek Aslianti
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus ◽  
The One ◽  
Net Cages

Coral trout grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) is the prospective aquaculture commodities with a high demand. Fingerling culture is the one of shortly rearing time methods for grow out in net-cages in order to produce continuously. Two hundred fishes with initial total length 16.6±0.5 cm and 72.2±7.6 g of body weight were stocked in each of three of concrete tanks of 4m3 seawater. Water replace as a treatment was applied i.e. A (200%/day), B (300%/day) and C (400%/day).respectively. Feeding frequency of pellet was done twice a day of about 3 - 5% of body weight. Survival and growth of fishes were monitored during two-month period. The result showed that the different percentage of water replace had a significant role in increasing the growth and survival rate of the fishes. Water replaced of 400% daily (treatment C) gave the best survival rate (97%) and growth performance (TL 21.61±0,54 cm; BW 156.84±1.05 g). In contrast, the treatment B (300%/day) and A (200%/day) resulted in a lower survival and growth , i.e. (SR 95.5%; TL 19.51±0.52 cm; BW 140.96±0.08 g) and A (SR 93%; TL 19.08±0.30 cm; BW 132.2±2.65 g)., respectively.Keywords: Coral trout grouper, growth, survival rate, water exchange

scholarly journals Induksi Kematangan Gonad Induk Jantan Kerang Abalone (Haliotis asinina) Dengan Metode Laserpunktur [Induction Of Gonad Maturity Males Broodstock Abalone Shell (Haliotis asinina) With Laserpunctur Methods ]

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Aprilia Putri Astutie, Sudarno, Rahayu Kusdarwati
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Male Gonad ◽  
Gonad Maturity ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Haliotis Asinina ◽  
Gonadal Maturity

Abstract Abalone is one kind of shellfish fisheries of the world has become a commodity which is currently experiencing increased demand, especially from international markets. As one initial step of a series of required maintenance management process of cultivating a good broodstock, to get the broodstock with the maximum level of gonad maturity is by induction using laserpunctur. Laserpunctur appropriate technology has been shown to accelerate the growth process, increase and accelerate gonadal maturation and spawning shorten the reproductive cycle of some species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect laserpunctur fired on gonadal organs of the male gonadal maturity of abalone shells and the best energy of the male gonadal maturation affect abalone shells. The treatment used is laserpunctur irradiation on the male gonad organ abalone shells with a energy of 0 Joule (control), 0.5 Joules for 50 seconds, 1 Joule for 100 seconds, 1.5 Joules for 150 seconds and 2 Joule for 200 seconds. Each treatment was repeated four times. The results of this study was the laserpunctur irradiation fired on the gonadal organs influence the development of gonadal maturity of male broodstock abalone shells. The best energy of laserpunctur in the male gonad maturation affects the abalone shells is 1.5 Joules for 150 seconds. The results of histological observation of gonadal male broodstock H. asinina showed varying degrees of gonadal development in the process of gametogenesis is marked with an individual's reproductive cycle.

Effects of Photoperiod, Temperature, and Diet on the Reconditioning Response, Blood Chemistry, and Gonad Maturation of Atlantic Salmon Kelts (Salmo salar) Held in Freshwater

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 702-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Johnston ◽  
R. W. Gray ◽  
A. McLennan ◽  
A. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Natural Photoperiod

Changes in feeding behavior, rate of reconditioning, gonadal development, and maturation were investigated together with changes in plasma electrolytes, triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, and alkaline phosphatase in female Atlantic salmon kelts (Salmo salar) exposed to advanced and simulated natural photoperiods and warmer and natural water temperatures. Natural photoperiod cycles at natural and 12 °C temperatures were most stimulatory for feeding behavior, reconditioning, gonadal development, and maturation. Advancing photoperiod only slightly stimulated gametogenesis at 12 °C whereas at low temperature, vitellogenesis did not proceed and oocyte maturation did not occur. In all regimes, early reconditioning was associated with gonadal maturation. The levels of calcium, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase were markedly elevated in spawners and were coincident with temperature and photoperiod manipulation. No similar change occurred in nonspawners. Ovulation occurred earliest in the advanced photoperiod and 12 °C temperature regime, suggesting an effect of both temperature and photoperiod on the rate of gonadal maturation. The factors influencing egg production and maturation in Atlantic salmon kelts are also discussed.

scholarly journals Induced maturation of eel Anguilla bicolor using different hormone combination

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Agus Oman Sudrajat ◽  
Antharest Sugati ◽  
, Alimuddin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin

<p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Pa2">Artificial reproduction of eel <em>Anguilla bicolor </em>is not yet well-established because of insufficient broodstock number. In this research, induction of Indonesian eel gonad maturation was performed by hormonal with a combination of <em>pregnant mare serum gonadotropin </em>(PMSG), <em>human chorionic gonadotropin </em>(HCG) antidopamin and recombinant <em>growth hormone </em>(rGH). This research consisted of five treatments namely: control (NaCl 0,9%), PMSG 20 IU/ kg, PMSG 20 IU/kg + antidopamin 10 ppm/kg, PMSG 20 IU/kg + antidopamin 10 ppm/kg + rGH 10 μg/kg dan PMSG 20 IU/kg + HCG 10 IU/kg. Each treatment contained 10 fishes. Hormonal induction was conducted by intramuscular injections, as much as five times at intervals of seven days. Furthermore observations on gonadal development were performed after injection for 21 days. The results showed that the treatment generated pregnancy level of 100%, while control was 0%. The best treatment was PMSG 20 IU/kg + antidopamin 10 ppm/kg+ rGH 10 μg/kg, seen from a more mature phase of the gametes, spermatocytes in male and oocytes with perinukleolar phase in female fish. Eel at the body weight of 120.4 to 207.8 g and at the body length of 40.9 to 43.1 cm was male, at the body weight of 274.8 g and at the body length of 47 cm was in intersexual phase, and at the body weight of 323.4 g and at the body length of 53 cm was female.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Pa2">Keywords: <em>Anguilla bicolor</em>, antidopamin, hormones, PMSG, rGH, HCG</p><br /><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Pa2">Pemijahan ikan sidat secara buatan belum dapat dilakukan karena keterbatasan induk matang gonad. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian hormon terhadap percepatan proses perkembangan gonad ikan sidat (<em>Anguilla bicolor</em>). Hormon yang digunakan adalah kombinasi dari <em>pregnant mare serum gonadotropin </em>(PMSG), <em>human chorionic gonadotropin </em>(HCG), antidopamin dan recombinant <em>growth hormone </em>(rGH). Induksi hormonal untuk mempercepat perkembangan gonad ikan sidat dilakukan melalui lima perlakuan yaitu yaitu kontrol (NaCl 0,9%), PMSG 20 IU/kg, PMSG 20 IU/kg+antidopamin 100 ppm/kg, PMSG 20 IU/kg+antidopamin 100 ppm/ kg+rGH 10 μg/kg dan PMSG 20 IU/kg+HCG 10 IU/kg. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pada sepuluh ekor ikan sidat. Aplikasi induksi hormonal dilakukan melalui penyuntikan secara intramuskular sebanyak lima kali dengan interval tujuh hari sekali, selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan terhadap perkembangan gonad selama 21 hari dengan interval tujuh hari sekali setelah penyuntikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan hormonal menyebabkan tingkat kebuntingan sebanyak 100% pada ikan perlakuan, sedangkan kontrol sebanyak 0%. Kombinasi terbaik adalah PMSG+antidopamin+rGH, terlihat dari fase gamet yang lebih matang yaitu mencapai fase spermatosit pada ikan jantan dan oosit dengan fase perinukleolar pada ikan betina. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ikan sidat dengan bobot 120,4−207,8 g dan panjang 40,9−43,1 cm masih berjenis kelamin jantan. Ikan dengan bobot 274,8 g dan panjang 47 cm masih berada pada fase peralihan kelamin, sedangkan pada bobot 323,4 dan panjang 53 cm sudah berjenis kelamin betina.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Pa2">Kata kunci: <em>Anguilla bicolor</em>, antidopamin, hormon, PMSG, rGH, HCG</p>

scholarly journals GROWTH AND BLOOD PROFILE OF CORAL TROUT GROUPER Plectropomus leopardus SEEDS IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-568
Author(s):  
Ketut Maha Setiawati ◽  
Ketut Mahardika ◽  
A. A. Ketut Alit ◽  
Daniar Kusumawati ◽  
Indah Mastuti
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Water Replacement ◽  
Plectropomus Leopardus ◽  
Optimum Salinity

The information about the optimum and tolerable salinity to support in the success of coral trout grouper’s seed culture is still limited until now. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of different salinity on growth, survival, feed conversion (FCR) and the profile of blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) of coral trout grouper seed. The seed with total length 6.0 ± 0.5 cm and body weight 3.2±0.3 g were used as tested animals. Five different salinity treatments, namely: 10±1 ppt (A), 16±1 ppt (B), 22±1 ppt (C), 28±1 ppt (D), and the sea water (34 ppt) as a control (E) were undertaken in this study, with three replications for each treatment. Salinity values were reach by adding freshwater into the tested seawater. Water changing system in this study was performed in recirculation process, with 25% of water replacement every 7 days. The result of this study showed that the survival rate values were 100% for all treatments, indicating that coral trout grouper seed can be cultured in the range of salinity between 10 to 34 ppt.  The highest total length and body weight were recorded from treatment C (22 ppt), as well as noted to gain the lowest FCR. Correspondingly, the seed in treatment C also founded to have in the greatest amount of hematocrit and hemoglobin. Optimum salinity for rearing of coral trout grouper seeds  with  total length 6 cm was 22 ppt.  Keywords: salinity, growth, survival rate, feed conversion, blood profile

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