scholarly journals Japanese Foreign Policy towards the Republic of Croatia: Preventive Diplomacy and Post-conflict Reconstruction 1994 - 1997

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Peric
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Republic

This article analyses the policy of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) towards the former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in the 1990s during the Yugoslav crisis. It argues that MOFA adopted an indirect foreign policy approach since it acted through theUnited Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to help foster the peace process. The article particularly focuses on the roles played by Yasushi Akashi, the head of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Sadako Ogata, through whom Japan provided aid during the humanitarian crisis. Japan exerted its preventive diplomacy to defuse tensions in the successor republics and to prevent thespread of the conflict to Macedonia and Albania. After the end of the conflict, Japan’s policy towards the region focused on post-conflict reconstruction and supporting the transition to prepare for theEuropean integration process.

scholarly journals PELARIAN VIETNAM : SATU ISU GLOBAL DALAM SEJARAH HUBUNGAN LUAR MALAYSIA[VIETNAMESE REFUGEES : A GLOBAL ISSUE IN THE HISTORY OF MALAYSIA FOREIGN AFFAIRS]

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Syahrul Alim Baharuddin ◽  
Azlizan Mat Enh
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Vietnamese Refugees ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Malaysian Government

This paper aims to provide insights into the issue related to Vietnamese refugees in Malaysia which became a global issue from 1975 to 1991. The study addresses major factors that contribute to the problem, and diplomatic relation between Malaysia and Vietnam that influences Malaysian government to assist in resolving the issue of Vietnamese refugees. Data were generated through the analysis of documents obtained from primer sources including reports from United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), official records from Malaysian government such as Official Statement of Parliament, and Report of Bidong Island Submission Ceremony to Terengganu Government as well as secondary sources (i.e. scholars’ studies on Vietnam). The findings suggest that the Vietnamese refugees issue occurred due to domestic factors that prompt the Vietnamese to flee to neighbouring countries in the region. In particular, political, economy and social factors are inter-related in disrupting the stability and peace of the country. The presence of refugees in Malaysia is a serious matter as it challenges sovereignty and national security of Malaysia.Keywords: refugees, Vietnam, Malaysia, global issue, factor, history.Cite as: Baharuddin, S.A & Mat Enh, A. (2018). Pelarian Vietnam: Satu isu global dalam sejarah hubungan luar Malaysia [Vietnamese refugees: A global issue in the history of Malaysia foreign affairs]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp1-18  AbstrakKertas kerja ini bermatlamat memahami isu pelarian Vietnam yang pernah melanda Malaysia dan menjadi isu global bermula dari tahun 1975 hingga 1991. Tumpuan utama penganalisaan dan penelitian diberikan terhadap faktor yang membawa kepada berlakunya masalah pelarian Vietnam serta hubungan yang terjalin antara Malaysia dan Vietnam sehingga mendorong Malaysia membantu menyelesaikan masalah pelarian Vietnam. Bagi menghuraikan persoalan ini, pendekatan analisis digunakan dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer iaitu laporan daripada United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), rekod-rekod rasmi Malaysia seperti Penyata Rasmi Parlimen dan Laporan Majlis Penyerahan Balik Pulau Bidong kepada Kerajaan Terengganu selain sumber sekunder iaitu kajian para sarjana mengenai negara Vietnam. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa isu pelarian Vietnam berlaku disebabkan oleh faktor dalam negara itu sendiri yang mempengaruhi rakyat untuk lari ke negara jirannya di rantau ini. Faktor politik, ekonomi dan sosial saling berkait antara satu sama lain yang mengganggu kestabilan dan keamanan di negara itu. Sehubungan itu, kehadiran pelarian di Malaysia adalah isu yang serius kerana ia menyumbang kepada masalah kedaulatan dan keselamatan Malaysia.Kata kunci : Pelarian, Vietnam, Malaysia, isu global, faktor, sejarah. 

Challenged but Steadfast

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Grandi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Political Process ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
State Of Israel

This chapter examines the contradictions between the United Nations's essential humanitarian role in advocating for Palestinians and its failure in the more political process of ensuring their self-determination. The issue of refugees from Palestine has been a compelling political and humanitarian crisis since 1948. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, about 750,000 Palestinians either fled or were forced to flee from their homes in what would become the state of Israel. UNRWA was created by the UN General Assembly in 1949 to address the needs of the Palestinian refugees until a political solution to their plight could be found. Drawing on experience as a former commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and the current United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the chapter reflects on the everyday struggles and resilience of Palestinian refugees and explains why leading UNRWA is one of the UN's most challenging managerial tasks.

scholarly journals Exploring possibilities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ integration with churches in refugee response

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Magezi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
International Body ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Church

The refugee crisis has been an ongoing global challenge. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is the international body that is mandated to protect refugees. However, in undertaking its function, it involves many stakeholders such as refugee communities, civil society actors, government entities, non-governmental organisations, other United Nations agencies and the church; thus ensuring effective interventions. With this in mind, it is sought in this article to understand how the UNHCR involved or integrated churches in its approach to intervention in refugee crises, as some churches had evidently become community bulwarks and safe havens for refugees. In order to accomplish the aforementioned objective, literature pertinent to the subject is reviewed. It commenced by discussing the UNHCR’s approach to intervention in and responses to the refugee crisis, and this was followed by the identification and discussion of the UNHCR’s interventions in which the churches were meaningfully involved to optimise their response to refugee crises. In discussing this role and the approach of the UNHCR, the extent is revealed to which the churches’ involvement or integration in the refugee agency’s approach to intervention in the refugee crisis was limited. Notably, this limitation was exacerbated by, among many others, the key sticking issues that could be the barriers or challenges in preventing the integration of churches in the UNHCR’s responses to migration crises and vice versa. Although there were sticking issues that hampered the UNHCR’s integration of churches in its approach to intervention in the refugee crisis, the article is concluded by identifying and discussing some existing opportunities that may further strengthen the existing UNHCR–Church intervention approaches to the crises. Among many others, formal UNHCR–Church collaborations were found to be critical in strengthening their mutual efforts to ameliorate the refugee crisis, as they could complement each other in providing effective and comprehensive interventions.Contribution: The major contribution of this article is that it examined the responses of the UNHCR and the church to the refugee crisis. Notably, embedded in this was the assessment of how the UNHCR was integrating churches in its approach to intervention in refugee crises. Consequently, this resulted in the identification and discussion of opportunities that may further strengthen the existing UNHCR–Church intervention approaches to the aforementioned humanitarian crisis.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian MacNaughton ◽  
Mariah McGill
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Right

For over two decades, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has taken a leading role in promoting human rights globally by building the capacity of people to claim their rights and governments to fulfill their obligations. This chapter examines the extent to which the right to health has evolved in the work of the OHCHR since 1994, drawing on archival records of OHCHR publications and initiatives, as well as interviews with OHCHR staff and external experts on the right to health. Analyzing this history, the chapter then points to factors that have facilitated or inhibited the mainstreaming of the right to health within the OHCHR, including (1) an increasing acceptance of economic and social rights as real human rights, (2) right-to-health champions among the leadership, (3) limited capacity and resources, and (4) challenges in moving beyond conceptualization to implementation of the right to health.

What Do We Mean by Protection?

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dallal Stevens
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Refugee Policy ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Refugee Convention ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
High Commissioner

Protection is arguably the raison-d’être of refugee policy. Yet, surprisingly, the meaning of protection is not without ambiguity. ‘Domestic protection’ can be distinguished from ‘international protection’; the sense attributed to protection within the 1951 Refugee Convention contrasts with that of the 1950 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Statute. Equally, how the state interprets its protective obligations departs frequently from the practice of humanitarian organisations. Alongside such differences, there has been a proliferation of protection concepts in recent years which, far from improving understanding, have added unnecessary confusion and undermined the fundamental purpose of protection. This article considers the language of ‘protection’ within the refugee field and argues that protection proliferation must now be addressed and reversed.

Mandate or Donors? Explaining the UNHCR’s Country-Level Expenditures from 1967 to 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172097433
Author(s):  
Svanhildur Thorvaldsdottir ◽  
Ronny Patz ◽  
Klaus H Goetz
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Voluntary Contributions ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
Country Level ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Donor Influence ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Major Donors ◽  
Expenditure Allocation

In recent decades, many international organizations have become almost entirely funded by voluntary contributions. Much existing literature suggests that major donors use their funding to refocus international organizations’ attention away from their core mandate and toward serving donors’ geostrategic interests. We investigate this claim in the context of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), examining whether donor influence negatively impacts mandate delivery and leads the organization to direct expenditures more toward recipient countries that are politically, economically, or geographically salient to major donors. Analyzing a new dataset of UNHCR finances (1967–2016), we find that UNHCR served its global mandate with considerable consistency. Applying flexible measures of collective donor influence, so-called “influence-weighted interest scores,” our findings suggest that donor influence matters for the expenditure allocation of the agency, but that mandate-undermining effects of such influence are limited and most pronounced during salient refugee situations within Europe.

The Repatriation and Resettlement of the Southern Sudanese

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Louise W. Holborn
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

While the world press has focused over the past year on problems surrounding the creation of still another refugee population in Africa — that of Uganda's Asians — far too little attention has been directed to the remarkable though still fragile process of repatriation and resettlement of hundreds of thousands of Southern Sudanese. This population of displaced persons includes both refugees who fled to other countries and large numbers of homeless who hid in the bush during the civil war that wracked the Sudan for seventeen years, from 1955 through the first months of 1972. Responding to the initiatives of President Gaafar al-Nimeiry of the Sudan, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR), under an explicit mandate from the Secretary- General of the United Nations, has been raising funds, organizing activities on behalf of the most pressing needs and working closely with all local interests to meet overwhelming problems.

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