scholarly journals The Primacy Effect in Impression Formation: Some Replications and Extensions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jess Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Total N ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Positive Adjective ◽  
Primacy Effects

Individuals described as “fun, witty, and vicious” are typically rated more favorably than those described as “vicious, witty, and fun” despite the semantic equivalence of these statements. This is known as the primacy effect in impression formation. We tested whether these effects emerge from pragmatic inferences about communicative intentions (e.g., that communicators should relay the most important information first). Participants heard a list of descriptors, with the most positive adjective listed either first or last; they also learned either that (a) the list was compiled by a human (licensing the inference that the most important information should be conveyed first) or (b) randomly ordered by a computer (thus blocking such an inference). Across five experiments (total N = 2,882), we found support for a small primacy effect in impression formation, but found no evidence of a pragmatic explanation for primacy effects.

scholarly journals The Primacy Effect in Impression Formation: Some Replications and Extensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Total N ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Positive Adjective ◽  
Primacy Effects

Individuals described as “fun, witty, and vicious” are typically rated more favorably than those described as “vicious, witty, and fun” despite the semantic equivalence of these statements. This is known as the primacy effect in impression formation. We tested whether these effects emerge from pragmatic inferences about communicative intentions (e.g., that communicators should relay the most important information first). Participants heard a list of descriptors, with the most positive adjective listed either first or last; they also learned either that (a) the list was compiled by a human (licensing the inference that the most important information should be conveyed first) or (b) randomly ordered by a computer (thus blocking such an inference). Across five experiments (total N = 2,882), we found support for a small primacy effect in impression formation, but found no evidence of a pragmatic explanation for primacy effects.

scholarly journals Attention decrement, temporal variation, and the primacy effect in impression formation

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde Hendrick ◽  
Arthur F. Costantini ◽  
James McGarry ◽  
Keith McBride
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect

The Basis of the Primacy Effect: Some Experiments with Running Memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hockey ◽  
Peter Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Memory Span ◽  
Rebound Effect ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Selective Rehearsal

Five experiments using the “running memory span” (RMS) technique are reported, in which subjects attempt to recall a specified number of items from the end of long sequences of digits, presented at a rate of 2/s. In Experiments I–III critical lists are included in the series which are exactly equal in length to the specified recall series. Despite the RMS set, these critical lists exhibit (I) marked primacy effects, and (2) an impairment in recall of terminal items (a “rebound effect”), compared to the baseline RMS performance. The rebound effect occurs (Experiments IV and V) even when recall of earlier items is not required. These two phenomena are robust: they occur in different experiments in which, rehearsal patterns, report order, expectancies and retrieval load are controlled. The results suggest an origin for primacy which is of a perceptual (i.e. pre-storage) nature, and that selective rehearsal is not a necessary condition for the effect to occur. A possible role of habituation of the orienting response in this phenomenon is discussed.

scholarly journals Party-related primacy effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from a natural experiment in Polish local elections

Public Choice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Flis ◽  
Marek M. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Ballot Design ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Electoral Performance ◽  
Great Complexity

AbstractWe study the primacy effects that occur when voters cast their votes because a candidate or party is listed first on a ballot. In the elections that we analyzed, there are three potential types of such effects that might occur when voters vote for (1) the first candidate listed on the ballot in single-member district (SMD) elections (candidate primacy); (2) the first party listed on the ballot in open-list proportional representation (OLPR) elections (party primacy); or (3) the first candidate on a party list in OLPR elections (list primacy). We estimated the party primacy effect (2) and established that there was no interaction between (2) and (3). A party primacy effect is especially difficult to estimate because parties’ positions on ballots are typically fixed in all multi-member districts (MMDs) and it is impossible to separate the first-position “bonus” from a party’s normal electoral performance. A rare natural experiment allowed us to estimate the primacy party bonus between 6.02 and 8.52% of all votes cast for the 2014 Polish local elections. We attribute the large size of such bonus to the great complexity of voting in the OLPR elections, especially the much longer ballots, voting in many simultaneous elections, and ballot design as a booklet rather than a sheet.

scholarly journals Belief Revision towards Long-Series Information

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Ika Ayuananda ◽  
Intiyas Utami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Belief Revision ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Visual Form ◽  
Series Order ◽  
Primacy Effects

The purpose of the research is to assess the primacy effect of the sequence for the manner of presentation and information formation on the audit decisions in revising the belief when the information is presented differently. The primacy effect is the decision by the auditor when the information is provided in sequence and weighting the larger initial information towards the auditor belief. This research used a 2x2x2 experimental design with 116 participants of the Undergraduate accounting majors (S1). The results of the research showed that: 1) the primacy effect on decision-making occurred when information was presented sequential pattern;2) the decision making audit, the primacy effects occurred  in a visual form; 3) there is a primacy effect when the information is presented with a long series order.

How are “First Impressions” Formed?

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 834-836
Author(s):  
Kate Loewenthal
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Verbal Activity ◽  
Selection Of

The primacy effect in personality impression formation is observed only when Ss write a description of the person before giving opinions (rating and selection of appropriate characteristics). This suggests the importance of certain types of verbal activity in the formation of opinions.

Existing Familiarity and Order of Presentation of Persuasive Communications

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lana
Keyword(s):  
Primacy Effect ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Persuasive Communications ◽  
Group Change ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Order Of Presentation

Groups who have been familiarized with the topic of a communication or who have had their opinion on a topic tapped by questionnaire, have yielded primacy effects when confronted with opposed communications on the same topic. Two intact groups of Ss, both of which were familiar with the two topics of the communications, were exposed to opposed arguments on various aspects of these topics. There were no significant order effects, nor did either group change opinion regarding their position on the topic. Since no primacy effect resulted, it is concluded that intact groups familiar with a topic may also be committed to a particular position or opinion regarding that topic and hence yield no order effects of any kind.

Note: Primacy Effects in Impression Formation

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. McGinnis ◽  
Leon J. Oziel
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Primacy Effects ◽  
Attention Hypothesis

Primacy effects well account for differences in the mean ratings of the two groups of Ss employed. Such effects in impression formation may be the result of two separate but interacting processes, namely, Asch's directed impression formation and Anderson's decreased attention hypothesis.

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