scholarly journals Event conjunction: How the hippocampus integrates episodic memories across event boundaries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin James Griffiths ◽  
Lluís Fuentemilla
Keyword(s):  
Related Event ◽  
Gamma Model ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Event Model ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
Conceptual Link ◽  
New Framework

Our lives are a continuous stream of experience. Our episodic memories, however, have a definitive beginning, middle and end. Theories of event segmentation suggest that salient changes in our environment produce event boundaries which partition the past from the present and, as a result, produce discretised memories. However, event boundaries cannot completely discretise two memories; any shared conceptual link will eagerly integrate these memories. Here, we present a new framework inspired by electrophysiological research that resolves this apparent contradiction. At its heart, the framework proposes that hippocampal theta-gamma coupling maintains a highly abstract model of an ongoing event and serves to encode this model as an episodic memory. When a second but related event begins, this theta-gamma model is rapidly reconstructed within the hippocampus where new details of the second event can be appended to the existing event model. The event conjunction framework is the first electrophysiological explanation of how event memories can be formed at, and integrated across, event boundaries.

Egyptology and Global History: Between Geocultural Power and the Crisis of Humanities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-76
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Moreno García
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Global History ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Dynamic Flows ◽  
Western Hegemony ◽  
Intellectual Environment ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
New Framework

Abstract Globalization, the decline of Western hegemony, and the rise of new political and economic actors, particularly in East Asia, are concomitant with the emergence of more encompassing historical perspectives, attentive to the achievements and historical trajectories of other regions of the world. Global history provides thus a new framework to understanding our past that challenges former views based on the cultural needs, values, and expectations of the West. This means that humanities and social sciences are subject to intense scrutiny and pressed to adapt themselves to a changing cultural, academic, and intellectual environment. However, this process is hindered by the gradual loss of their former prestige and by the increasing influence of economics in the reorganization of the educational, research, and cultural agenda according to market-oriented criteria. The result is that the mobilization of the past increasingly conforms to new strategies in which connectivity, trading, and diplomatic interests, as well as integration in dynamic flows of wealth, appear of paramount importance. Egyptology is not alien to these challenges, which will in all probability reshape its very foundations in the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals Adaptive reuse process of the Historic Urban Landscape post-Covid-19. The potential of the inner areas for a “new normal”

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Pinto ◽  
Serena Viola ◽  
Katia Fabbricatti ◽  
Maria Giovanna Pacifico
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Adaptive Reuse ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
The City ◽  
New Framework

<p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIOCxSpFirst">Often in the past, the great disasters (environmental calamities, earthquakes, epidemics) activated unexpressed energies, triggering transformations of the built environment, able to give rise unexpected conditions of economic, cultural and social development. The fragility of settlement systems in the face of unexpected threats brings out the need for a new planning, changing our gaze on the city.</p><p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIOCxSpMiddle">The new framework of needs drawn by the pandemic and the renewed sensitivity towards the combination of health – sustainability, rekindle the spotlight on inner areas. These emerged as "reservoirs of resilience", areas to look at, in order to reach an eco-systemic balance.</p><p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIOCxSpMiddle">The aim of the paper is to return an experience of adaptive reuse of the Historical Urban Landscape in an inner area of Southern Italy, where the needs of health and safety of the community are integrated with the transmission of the built heritage to future generations. The goal is the promotion of inclusive prosperity scenarios, towards the so-called "new normality".</p><p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIOCxSpLast">Starting from an in-depth literature review on the cases of pandemics in history and the strategies implemented, the research identifies health security requirements at the scale of the Historical Urban Landscape and design solutions aimed at reactivating lost synergies between communities and places.</p>

Killing God to Find Palestine ‘after the End of the World’ in Adania Shibli, Mahmoud Amer, and Maya Abu al-Hayyat

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
Nora Parr
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Symbolic Order ◽  
New Words ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Oslo Accords ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
New Framework

While imagery and ideas from the past remain significant across much of Palestinian cultural production, there is an increasing push against a quagmire of language, where meaning is stuck in a past paradigm. Focusing on the work of Adania Shibli, Maya Abu al-Hayyat, and Mahmoud Amer, this chapter looks at contemporary writers who use their art to forge new words—a new language, a new framework for language—that better responds to life as they live it. In the process, existing structures of representation are forcefully discarded, though not entirely left behind. The chapter contends that the stories demand repudiation; a reckoning with the fact that somewhere between the Oslo Accords and the new millennium Palestine’s symbolic order and its lived world ceased to cohere.

scholarly journals Use, Purpose, and Function—Letting the Artifacts Speak

Heritage ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-605
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Loughmiller-Cardinal ◽  
J. Scott Cardinal
Keyword(s):  
Functional Categories ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
And Function

Archaeologists have likely collected, as a conservative estimate, billions of artifacts over the course of the history of fieldwork. We have classified chronologies and typologies of these, based on various formal and physical characteristics or ethno-historically known analogues, to give structure to our interpretations of the people that used them. The simple truth, nonetheless, is that we do not actually know how they were used or their intended purpose. We only make inferences—i.e., educated guesses based on the available evidence as we understand it—regarding their functions in the past and the historical behaviors they reflect. Since those inferences are so fundamental to the interpretations of archaeological materials, and the archaeological project as a whole, the way we understand materiality can significantly bias the stories we construct of the past. Recent work demonstrated seemingly contradictory evidence between attributed purpose or function versus confirmed use, however, which suggested that a basic premise of those inferences did not empirically hold to be true. In each case, the apparent contradiction was resolved by reassessing what use, purpose, and function truly mean and whether certain long-established functional categories of artifacts were in fact classifying by function. The resulting triangulation, presented here, narrows the scope on such implicit biases by addressing both empirical and conceptual aspects of artifacts. In anchoring each aspect of evaluation to an empirical body of data, we back ourselves away from our assumptions and interpretations so as to let the artifacts speak for themselves.

scholarly journals Predictability changes what we remember in familiar temporal contexts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojeong Kim ◽  
Margaret L. Schlichting ◽  
Alison R. Preston ◽  
Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Pattern Classification ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe human brain constantly anticipates the future based on memories of the past. Encountering a familiar situation reactivates memory of previous encounters which can trigger a prediction of what comes next to facilitate responsiveness. However, a prediction error can lead to pruning of the offending memory, a process that weakens its representation in the brain and leads to forgetting. Our goal in this study was to evaluate whether memories are spared from pruning in situations that allow for more abstract yet reliable predictions. We hypothesized that when the category, but not the identity, of a new stimulus can be anticipated, this will reduce pruning of existing memories and also reduce encoding of the specifics of new memories. Participants viewed a sequence of objects, some of which reappeared multiple times (“cues”), followed always by novel items. Half of the cues were followed by new items from different (unpredictable) categories, while others were followed by new items from a single (predictable) category. Pattern classification of fMRI data was used to identify category-specific predictions after each cue. Pruning was observed only in unpredictable contexts, while encoding of new items suffered more in predictable contexts. These findings demonstrate that how episodic memories are updated is influenced by the reliability of abstract-level predictions in familiar contexts.

scholarly journals Social Value Chains: A New Organizational Framework for Studies on State-Society Relations in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Han ◽  
Ji Ma ◽  
Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Organizational Framework ◽  
New Framework

In the past three decades, a large number of studies has emerged to conceptualize the changing state-society relations in China. Yet, little attention has been paid to what kinds of social sector organizations these competing and conflicting studies were empirically examining or based upon. No synergy of the organizational foundations of these studies results in deep fragmentation and weak generalization of the arguments on state-society relations in China. To address this issue, this article systematically reviews organizational bases of extant literature on Chinese state-society relations, and then constructs an inclusive organizational framework, namely “social value chains”, by combining two mainstream organizational forms in existing research along with two understudied organizational types, as a new framework to guide future research on state-society relations in China. Social value chains include four types of social sector organizations: infrastructure organizations, financial organizations, support organizations, and operating organizations. In the end, this paper points out the potential applications of this new framework in future research.

scholarly journals The Prefrontal-Hippocampal Comparator: Volition and Episodic Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Numan
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
Error Signal ◽  
Hippocampal Area ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Dependent Tasks ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

This review article supports the following: (1) Hippocampal area CA1 serves as an associative match-mismatch comparator, (2) Voluntary movement strengthens episodic memories for goal-directed behavior, (3) Hippocampal theta power serves as a prediction error signal during hippocampal dependent tasks, (4) The self-referential component of episodic memory in humans is mediated by the corollary discharge (efference copy of the action plan developed by prefrontal cortex), and (5) Impairments in the production or transmission of this corollary discharge may contribute to some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. <br>

scholarly journals The asymmetric evolution of the social case-law of the Court of Justice: new challenges in the context of the European pillar of social rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Luis Jimena Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
New Framework ◽  
The Eu

The author highlights the paradoxical evolution of CJEU’s case-law in the field of social rights and how in the past, it has played a praetorian role in a context of implied powers and modest EU primary legal provisions whereas now, it is showing clear self-restraint under explicit competences and an evolved EU primary law [including the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFREU)]. From this perspective, the author proposes the opening of the CJEU to the new framework of the European Pillar of Social Rights, as part of the broader Turin process for the European Social Charter, through positive judicial willingness (by taking into account the synergies between the EU and the Council of Europe – including the case-law from the European Committee of Social Rights).

scholarly journals Human Transcendence as a Locus of Revelation and Foundation for Theological Work: Implications from Rahner’s Hearer of the Word

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Leandro Luis Bedin Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Life Projects

This article concerns the complex relation between the heteronomous authority of divine revelation and human autonomy, particularly having regard to the context of Western, secularized, religiously plural societies. In the face of the current fragmentation of meaning and the crisis of morality, and considering that individuals must take on the responsibility for their own life projects and decisions themselves, they can no longer cope without personal autonomy to form their own frames of reference, rather than deriving them from religions, as in the past, whose doctrines have become alien to them. In Hearer of the Word, Rahner raises human transcendence to a category in which human autonomy and God’s ultimate Word meet on the level of Being, of existence, where eaning is reintegrated, the lively, original experience of Revelation is recovered, and the apparent contradiction between faith and lifeworld can be overcome through an authentic form of religious life. ***A transcendência humana como lugar de Revelação e fundamento do fazer teológico: Implicações da obra Ouvintes da Palavra, de K. Rahner***O presente artigo aborda a complexa relação entre a autonomia humana e a autoridade heterônoma da Revelação divina, dedicando particular atenção ao contexto das sociedades secularizadas e religiosamente plurais do Ocidente. Considerando a fragmentação de sentido, a crise da moralidade, e a necessidade de que os indivíduos desses contextos assumam completa responsabilidade por seus projetos de vida e decisões, tornou-se impossível prescindir da autonomia pessoal que possibilita a cada um/a poder definir os próprios marcos de  referência, ao invés de delegar essa tarefa às religiões, como no passado, o que tem dado origem, não raro, a conflitos existenciais. Em Ouvintes da Palavra,Rahner eleva a transcendência humana a uma categoria na qual a autonomia humana e a Palavra de Deus encontram-se no plano do Ser, da existência, onde o sentido é reintegrado, a experiência viva originária da Revelação é recuperada e a aparente contradição entre fé e mundo da vida pode ser superada através de uma vida religiosa e espiritual autêntica.Palavras-chave: Revelação. Autonomia. Secularidade. Transcendência. Teologia

scholarly journals Socio-hydrologic modeling of the dynamics of cooperation in the transboundary Lancang–Mekong River

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1883-1903
Author(s):  
You Lu ◽  
Fuqiang Tian ◽  
Liying Guo ◽  
Iolanda Borzì ◽  
Rupesh Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Reservoir Operations ◽  
Mekong River Basin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transboundary River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Variability ◽  
New Framework

Abstract. The transboundary Lancang–Mekong River basin has experienced dynamics of cooperation over the past several decades, which is a common emergent response in transboundary coupled human–water systems. Downstream countries rely on the Mekong River for fisheries, agriculture, navigation and ecological services, while upstream countries have been constructing dams to generate hydropower. The dam construction and operation in upstream countries have changed the seasonality of streamflow in downstream countries, affecting their economic benefits. More recently, cooperation between upstream and downstream countries has been enhanced throughout the river basin. In this study, we introduce a quantitative socio-hydrological model to simulate hydrological processes, reservoir operations, economic benefits, policy feedbacks and therefore dynamics of cooperation within the Lancang–Mekong River basin. The model reproduces the observed dynamics of cooperation in the basin revealed by sentiment analysis of news articles. Hydrological variability such as droughts and human activities associated with reservoir operations affect dynamics of cooperation between the riparian countries, with importance attached to indirect political benefits of upstream playing an important role in the enhancement of cooperation. In this way, our study generated understanding of emergent cooperation dynamics in this transboundary river basin, and the socio-hydrological model used here provides a useful new framework to investigate and improve transboundary water management elsewhere.

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