scholarly journals The Luck of the Draw: How Attributions for Poverty Shape Support for Economic Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Wiwad
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
National Data ◽  
Dispositional Attributions ◽  
Status Interaction ◽  
Average Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

Despite growing economic inequality the American population remains relatively un-motivatedto tackle this issue–why? In six studies (n = 34,198), I aimed to answer this question byexploring the link between both dispositional and situational attributions for poverty andsupport for economic inequality. In Study 1 I used cross-national data from 34 countriesto examine the relationship between attributions for poverty and support for economic inequality.I found that people demonstrated less support for economic inequality in countrieswhere the majority of respondents provided situational (as opposed to dispositional) attributionsfor poverty. In Study 2a I had participants complete an immersive online povertysimulation or play Monopoly. I found that relative to Monopoly, the poverty simulationled to an increase in situational attributions for poverty and turn diminished support foreconomic inequality and increased support for redistribution. In Study 2b I conducted ahigh-powered pre-registered replication and extension of these results. In Study 3a, I presentedparticipants with evidence counter to the stereotype that the poor are lazy by havingthem interact with a low-status (versus average-status) status confederate. I found that thecross-status interaction led to a decrease in dispositional attributions for poverty which inturn decreased support for economic inequality. In Study 3b I conducted a high-poweredpre-registered replication which strengthened the design of the previous study and largelyreplicated these results. Lastly, in Study 4, in order to determine the specificity of relationshipbetween causal attributions and support for economic inequality I conducted a fieldquasi-experiment in undergraduates enrolled in various introductory psychology classes. Icompared attributions for poverty and support for economic inequality over the course of asemester in students who were taking a class that explicitly highlights the situational causesof behaviour versus a series of classes without this explicit framing. I found that taking acourse centred around demonstrating the impact situational factors have in influencing behaviourdid not shift support for economic inequality relative to students in various controlclasses. Overall, this dissertation presents the first experiments showing how attributions forpoverty can shape broader economic attitudes, such as support for economic inequality andhow various simple and low-cost interventions can be leveraged to promote greater socialequality.

Schooling, Development, and Inequality: Old Myths and New Realities

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Fry
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Data ◽  
Economic Dependency ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Drawing on several alternative theoretical perspectives and using cross-national data,Gerald Fry assesses empirically the impact of both schooling and key developmental variables on levels of economic inequality. He reports that the expansion of schooling shows little relationship with inequality, while economic dependency is found to have the strongest association.

scholarly journals Lockdown Lives: A longitudinal study of inter-relationships amongst feelings of loneliness, social contacts and solidarity during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolien van Breen ◽  
Maja Kutlaca ◽  
Yasin Koc ◽  
Bertus F. Jeronimus ◽  
Anne Margit Reitsema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
National Data ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

In this work, we study how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. We draw on cross-national data, collected across four time points between mid-March until early May 2020. We situate our work within the public debate on these issues and discuss to what extent the public understanding of the impact of lockdown is borne out in the data. Results show, first, that although online contacts are beneficial in combating feelings of loneliness, people who feel more lonely are less likely to make use of this strategy. Second, online contacts do not function as a substitute to face-to-face contacts - in fact, more frequent online contacts in earlier weeks predicted an increase in face-to-face contacts in later weeks. Finally, solidarity played only a small role in shaping people’s feelings of loneliness during lockdown. In sum, our findings suggest that we must look beyond the current focus on online contact and solidarity, if we want to help people address their feelings of loneliness. We hope that this work will be instrumental not only in understanding the impact of the lockdown in early 2020, but also in preparing for possible future lockdown periods.

Introducing xSub: A new portal for cross-national data on subnational violence

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri M Zhukov ◽  
Christian Davenport ◽  
Nadiya Kostyuk
Keyword(s):  
Grid Cell ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
National Data ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Researchers today have access to an unprecedented amount of geo-referenced, disaggregated data on political conflict. Because these new data sources use disparate event typologies and units of analysis, findings are rarely comparable across studies. As a result, we are unable to answer basic questions like ‘what does conflict A tell us about conflict B?’ This article introduces xSub – a ‘database of databases’ for disaggregated research on political conflict ( www.x-sub.org ). xSub reduces barriers to comparative subnational research, by empowering researchers to quickly construct custom, analysis-ready datasets. xSub currently features subnational data on conflict in 156 countries, from 21 sources, including large data collections and data from individual scholars. To facilitate comparisons across countries and sources, xSub organizes these data into consistent event categories, actors, spatial units (country, province, district, grid cell, electoral constituency), and time units (year, month, week, and day). This article introduces xSub and illustrates its potential, by investigating the impact of repression on dissent across thousands of subnational datasets.

Cross-National Examination of the Relationship Between Gender Equality and Female Homicide and Rape Victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 107780122095428
Author(s):  
Don Soo Chon ◽  
Janice E. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Data Set ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Reporting Behaviors ◽  
Police Reporting ◽  
Drugs And Crime ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

This study is the first cross-national work to examine the impact of gender equality on both female homicide and rape victimization. The data set from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was analyzed for 70 countries. Several gender equality measures were significantly and positively related to rape victimization, but were mostly not significant to female homicide. Findings for rape victimization were consistent with the backlash hypothesis, but such findings may be related to the limitations of police rape rates, such as different legal definitions and police-reporting behaviors across countries.

Attitude and subjective norm as personal moral obligation mediated predictors of intention to build eco-friendly house

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra Kumar Sia ◽  
Alphonsa Jose
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Personal Norm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to combine the theory of planned behavior variables with norm activation model to predict the behavioral intention to build eco-friendly houses among adult house owners of Kerala. It was hypothesized that the moral obligation will mediate the relationship of both attitude and subjective norm toward the intention to build eco-friendly houses. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 269 adult house owners from Kerala with the help of structured questionnaires. Attitude toward eco-friendly houses was measured using semantic differential scale, subjective norm was measured using items adapted from Ajzen and Jansson and Dorrepaal, personal norm was measured using 7 items adapted from Jansson and Dorrepaal and behavioral intention to build eco-friendly house was measured using 14-item measures which probed the various characteristics of eco-friendly buildings. Data were analyzed using mediation analysis with the help of PROCESS macro plug-in of IBM SPSS. Findings The study revealed that the relationship between subjective norm and behavioral intention to construct eco-friendly houses was fully mediated by personal norm, and the relationship between attitude and behavioral intention was partially mediated by personal norm. Research limitations/implications Eco-friendly houses or sustainable architecture is the requirement of the time. Psychology can play a major role in increasing the choice to opt an eco-friendly alternative. The present study tries to develop a green marketing strategy by understanding the influential psychological variables. The study points to the importance of personal moral obligation of the people in the choice of the eco-friendly houses. The study is limited in itself because it failed to consider any situational factors that may be influential in the intention to build an eco-friendly house. Originality/value Considering the immediacy and potency of global climate change and the role green architecture can play to reduce the impact of the blow, eco-friendly architecture is inevitable. Many psychological studies have been instrumental in shaping and changing individual behaviors. Considering these facts the present study aims to identify the role of psychological variables in determining the intention to build eco-friendly houses. This study will help in identifying the relevant personal variables that can promote eco-friendly construction.

Perspectives on Government and Opposition in Unified Germany

Politics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Helms
Keyword(s):  
Situational Factors ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normative Considerations

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the configuration of government/opposition relations in unified Germany. It seeks to assess the impact of institutional, political as well as more situational factors on the relationship between the two key actors of the parliamentary arena. In the concluding section, the performance of government and opposition during the 1990s will additionally be judged against the background of the basic normative considerations concerning the most important institutional and functional division in parliamentary democracies.

scholarly journals The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: Comparative conclusions

Politics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea LP Pirro ◽  
Paul Taggart ◽  
Stijn van Kessel
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
National Data ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Face ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

This article offers comparative findings of the nature of populist Euroscepticism in political parties in contemporary Europe in the face of the Great Recession, migrant crisis, and Brexit. Drawing on case studies included in the Special Issue on France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the article presents summary cross-national data on the positions of parties, the relative importance of the crisis, the framing of Euroscepticism, and the impact of Euroscepticism in different country cases. We use this data to conclude that there are important differences between left- and right-wing variants of populist Euroscepticism, and that although there is diversity across the cases, there is an overall picture of resilience against populist Euroscepticism.

scholarly journals Learning or Relaxing: How Do Challenge Stressors Stimulate Employee Creativity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongbo Sun ◽  
Xiaojuan Hu ◽  
Yixin Ding
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Employee Creativity ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

As important situational factors in the workplace, challenge stressors play an important role in stimulating employee creativity. This study used self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion as intervening processes to delve into the impact of promotion and depletion mechanisms of challenge stressors on employee creativity. According to the theory of resource conservation, the study explores the moderating effect of learning and relaxing at work on the promotion and depletion mechanisms of challenge stressors. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of a combination of factors on employee creativity. A total of 240 valid paired-samples were collected from employees of three enterprises in information technology, finance, and evaluation services industries. This study drew the following conclusions. Challenge stressors have a direct positive effect on employee creativity, self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion have partial mediating effects on the relationship between challenge stressors and employee creativity, learning positively moderates the relationship between challenge stressors and self-efficacy, and qualitative comparative analysis reveals three configurations that improve employee creativity.

scholarly journals Framing the Narrative: Female Fighters, External Audience Attitudes, and Transnational Support for Armed Rebellions

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1638-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devorah Manekin ◽  
Reed M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
National Data ◽  
State Support ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Female Fighters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Female combatants play a central role in rebel efforts to cultivate and disseminate positive narratives regarding the movement and its political goals. Yet, the effectiveness of such strategies in shaping audience attitudes or generating tangible benefits for the group remains unclear. We propose and test a theory regarding the channels through which female fighters advance rebel goals. We argue that female fighters positively influence audience attitudes toward rebel groups by strengthening observers’ beliefs about their legitimacy and their decision to use armed tactics. We further contend that these effects directly help them secure support from transnational nonstate actors and indirectly promote state support. We assess our arguments by combining a novel survey experiment in two countries with analyses of new cross-national data on female combatants and information about transnational support for rebels. The empirical results support our arguments and demonstrate the impact of gender framing on rebel efforts to secure support.

scholarly journals The Asymmetrical Effects of Economic Development on Consumption-based and Production-based Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 to 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311877362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorui Huang ◽  
Andrew K. Jorgenson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
National Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

The authors examine the potentially asymmetrical relationship between economic development and consumption-based and production-based CO2 emissions. They decompose economic development into economic expansions and contractions, measured separately as increases and decreases in gross domestic product per capita, and examine their unique effects on emissions. Analyzing cross-national data from 1990 to 2014, the authors find no statistical evidence of asymmetry for the overall sample. However, for a sample restricted to nations with populations larger than 10 million, the authors observe a contraction-leaning asymmetry whereby the effects of economic contraction on both emissions outcomes are larger in magnitude than the effects of economic expansion. This difference in magnitude is more pronounced for consumption-based emissions than for production-based emissions. The authors provide tentative explanations for the variations in results across the different samples and emissions measures and underscore the need for more nuanced research and deeper theorization on potential asymmetry in the relationship between economic development and anthropogenic emissions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document