صندوق النقد الدولي واثره على الاقتصاد العراقي

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (69) ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
م. فاضل كريعة كزار

challenges facing the Iraqi economy, so the Iraqi authorities were forced to turn to the International Monetary Fund, which helps countries face their crises and implements corrective policies aimed at stabilizing the economy and its growth and providing preventive financing for the impacts and challenges facing developing countries, especially Iraq. funding for the reconstruction, which is estimated at (88) billion dollars, and the international community has pledged to contribute (30) billion dollars, and this funding is still limited due to the economic and social problems that affected the activity. variables, where there is a large fiscal deficit, an increase in public debt levels and political instability, which led to the creation of successive economic crises that forced the country to resort to financial institutions to improve its economic situation despite the pros and cons of these financial institutions.

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1477-1482
Author(s):  
Vlatko Paceskoski ◽  
Krume Nikoloski

The researches has shown that the financing methods of the economic development of developing countries and the international financial system are not adapted and do not fully meet the development needs of these countries. The international development finance system, in within the frameworks, a significant participation have the international financial institutions, they don’t represent adequate supporting instrument for the development of the economies of the developing countries. In particular, this system needs to be reformed. The system has to incorporates the elements of automatism, stability and continuity. This will enable greater intensity and dynamics in the economic growth, as well as improving the quality of this growth in the developing countries.


2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-558
Author(s):  
Glyn Morgan

The ongoing Eurozone crisis has brought to the fore the discourse of “austerity.” A number of countries, most dramatically Greece, have been called upon to institute policies of fiscal austerity as a condition of further support from the international financial community. The situation has generated some serious disagreements among economists, policymakers, and indeed important financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank. Mark Blyth’s Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea speaks directly to these ongoing current debates. We have invited a range of political scientists working on related issues to comment on the book’s arguments and their relevance to the work that they do.


1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Wulf

When Zambia introduced weekly foreign-exchange auctions in October 1985 in order to determine the value of the kwacha vis-à-vis the dollar, together with other measures aiming at liberalising external and internal trade and at restructuring the pattern of production, they were widely acclaimed as a model for reforms elsewhere in the continent. The Economist praised Zambia for ‘taking one of the bravest economic gambles that any African country has taken’,1 implying that even in the view of liberal commentators the Government ran a considerable risk in trying to implement this reform programme. The new measures enabled Zambia to reach a fresh stand-by agreement with the International Monetary Fund in early 1986, the previous one having broken down in 1985 because the authorities failed to meet the I.M.F.'s economic targets.


2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (133) ◽  
pp. 599-624
Author(s):  
Heribert Dieter

Economic multilateralism is at risk. Both the World Trade Organisation and the International Monetary Fund are undermined by competing regimes at the regional level. Bilateralism in trade is particularly mushrooming and might flourish further after the brealcdown of talks in Cancun. Especially the USA are organising their trading relations outside the WTO. These new regimes both undermine multilateralism as well as strengthen the more powerful nations. Developing countries are once again at the receiving end.


2021 ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Olena BILETSKA

Introduction. In the current realities of Ukraine, this problem affects all segments of society. The article reflects the peculiarities of the formation, the main consequences of the debt and the directions of its reduction. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the volume, identify the peculiarities of the formation, highlight the consequences and justify ways to reduce Ukraine's public debt. Results. The study focuses on the importance of public debt and its impact on economic development. It is emphasized that one of the significant problems is the significant cost of. The dynamics of public debt of Ukraine during 2014–2020 is analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, the signs of dynamism, currency comparison, proportionality of external and internal debt are determined. The positive and negative consequences of the debt are substantiated with the corresponding argumentation. The essence of the positive consequences is the possibility of maintaining Ukraine's gold and foreign exchange balance at a reliable level in compliance with the necessary settlement standards and promoting the stability of the national currency. In addition, it is important formation of a positive image of Ukraine as a country with a stable financial system. The negative consequences are manifested in the fact that significant amounts of debt cause the allocation of budget funds for its maintenance, which is a burden on the implementation of economic and social programs. Negative processes are also being formed in society, as the conditions for providing the next tranches, especially from the International Monetary Fund, affect social problems and do not always find understanding in large sections of society. Relationships with international creditors, in particular the International Monetary Fund, and governments of other countries were assessed. Proposals for debt reduction have been developed with a recommendation to implement measures for the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, relevant ministries of production and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Conclusion. The peculiarities of public debt formation are revealed in the work, its influence on the economy of Ukraine is determined and substantiated proposals on reduction of its volumes are developed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-332
Author(s):  
Krishanu Pradhan

The article is an attempt to assess India’s fiscal and external sector vulnerability in the context of the deterioration in major macroeconomic indicators in recent years. The balance sheet approach (BSA) developed mainly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is applied to analyse episodes of major fiscal, financial and external payment crises in developing countries between the late 1990s to early 2000. The present work assesses the vulnerability in India’s fiscal and external sectors by descriptive and comparative analyses of relevant indicators and developing a composite vulnerability index (CVI) consisting of the indicators under study. Fiscal or external sector vulnerability can also be assessed by how easily or smoothly a government or a nation can finance its budgetary deficit or rollover of debt or the external sector funding needs. The method of financing and management of debt-related liabilities become important in this context. This may get reflected in currency composition, maturity pattern and ownership pattern of liabilities. The CVI score and favourable currency composition, maturity pattern and ownership pattern of liabilities largely helped India reduce both fiscal and external sector liabilities significantly in recent years. JEL Classification: E60, F34, H63


2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-560
Author(s):  
Thomas Oatley

The ongoing Eurozone crisis has brought to the fore the discourse of “austerity.” A number of countries, most dramatically Greece, have been called upon to institute policies of fiscal austerity as a condition of further support from the international financial community. The situation has generated some serious disagreements among economists, policymakers, and indeed important financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank. Mark Blyth’s Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea speaks directly to these ongoing current debates. We have invited a range of political scientists working on related issues to comment on the book’s arguments and their relevance to the work that they do.


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