Alternative Use of Achi, UKPO, and OFOR as Substitute to Standard Viscosifier

In Nigeria, drilling companies import a bulk of drilling fluid materials that they use to carry out their respective operations. This has been a major concern to oil and gas industries since these drilling fluid materials cannot be recycled, are highly expensive in terms of foreign exchange, are not environmentally friendly, not very effective, and non-biodegradable. This work presents an experimental investigation into the reliability of the use of local materials as a substitute to conventional viscosifiers. Local materials used in the analysis are Mucuna solannie (Ukpo), Brachystegia eurycoma (Achi), and Detarium microcarpium (Ofo). The results obtained from the experimental analysis show that they compared closely to the standard viscosifer formulated with Pac-R. The results showed that the density, specific gravity, pH, yield stress, Gel strength, Plastic Viscosity, and yield point of mud formulated from local materials compared favorably with that of the imported viscosifer. It was observed that an increase in concentration produced a better result. Hence, they could replace the Pac-R considering cost, cutting carrying ability, etc.

Analysis of Serbian Production and Export of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

The emphasis of the research in this chapter was put on the analysis of production and export/import of MAP (Medical and aromatic plants) from Serbia. After reading this chapter, readers will find out that the production of MAP in a long time period has been steady, although has been present fluctuations per years. They will know that indigenous and cultivated MAPs are equally present on the market, and will notice that they are equally present in export as well, i.e. that there is no such register. They will be familiar with the positive effects of planned production and the significance of scientific and technological achievements implementation. Readers will be able to recognize the dynamics of changes in export and import of MAP. They will find out which products are the most significant in export and import and will notice the connection between the export structure of MAP sector and earned value - foreign exchange inflow. They will be able to understand the character of exchange, value of export/import and the comparative advantage of export. Readers will be especially familiar with experiences and recommendations of other authors on the development of MAP sector and directives of authors for deepening the research within this chapter. They will know the connection between a low foreign exchange inflow and types of products in export and will understand the need for new organization models and education of manufacturers.

Discussion of CRD Simulation Results

The results of the simulations shown in Chapter 10 clearly show the consistent pattern of operation of the Grondona system, buying and selling reserves of commodities in response to changes in market prices as reliably as under a gold standard. This has a range of direct and indirect effects which are discussed in this chapter, including the reliably counter-cyclical timing of changes in the quantity of the CRD's reserves, and the parallel changes in the national money supply, the system's contribution to resisting inflationary pressures, and the effect of a CRD's reserves of a commodity falling to zero. Some remaining uncertainties about the system's operation are also discussed, notably about the foreign exchange market's likely response to the system expanding the money supply when commodity prices are falling.

Effect of Organic Fertilizer Form and Dosage on Soil Chemical Properties, Leaf Macro Nutrient Content and Vegetative Growth of Siamese Orange (Citrus nobilis Lour) seedlings

Orange is a national superior commodity that has an important role in increasing foreign exchange for the country. However, the development of citrus cultivation in Indonesia is still relatively low, probably due to soil fertility degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of differences in the application of organic fertilizer (form and dose) and their interaction on soil chemical properties, nutrient concentration in the leaf (i.e. N, P, K), and growth in Siamese citrus seedlings. The treatments included the application of a combination of forms and doses of organic fertilizer, namely SD1 (powder dose 2 t ha-1), SD2 (powder dose 4 t ha-1), SD3 (powder dose 6 t ha-1), SD4 (powder dose 8 t ha-1), SD5 (powder dose 10 t/ha), GD1 (granule dose 2 t ha-1), GD2 (granule dose 4 t ha-1), GD3 (granule dose 6 t/ha), GD4 (granule dose 8 t ha-1) and GD5 (granule dose 10 t ha-1). The results showed that there was a significant difference in the interaction between form and dose of organic fertilizer only in the number of primary branches at 4 WAP (weeks after application) with the highest values was found in powder organic fertilizer at a dose of 8 t ha-1 and granules organic fertilizer at a dose 10 t ha-1. In addition, the application of powder organic fertilizer application had a higher plant height at 10-12 WAP as compared to the application of granule organic fertilizer.

Management of Foreign Exchange Reserves of the European Central Bank

The aim of the article is to analyze the foreign exchange reserves of the European Central Bank and the methods of their modern management. As a result of the study, it was proven that when implementing foreign reserve management policy, the European Central Bank and national central banks should pursue the objectives of the current monetary policy for future generations. Foreign exchange reserves are a special good that only the current generation and the current government cannot use. The character of the article implies different research methods: analysis of the sources of law, legal dogmatic, comparative dogmatic method. The analysis carried out as part of the study indicates that management of foreign exchange reserves of ECB has an impact on intergenerational justice.