Initially, the size-class structure of 1067 natural sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) trees and seedlings, growing in populations at three semi-arid sites (Burnerbinmah, Ninghan and Goongarrie) in Western Australia, was measured during 1996–97. These same populations, and any new sandalwood seedlings and small trees that had established after 1996–97, were measured again after 17 years (2013). Size-class structure was assessed by measuring over-bark stem diameter at 150 mm above the ground. Populations of sandalwood trees at the Burnerbinmah and Ninghan sites failed to regenerate and, after 17 years, they contained only 0–3% small trees and 0–2% seedlings. Their overall population size declined by 21–24% and, combined with recruitment failure, these natural stands of sandalwood may largely disappear within 50–60 years. At the Goongarrie site, the proportion of large trees within the natural population increased from 58% to 82%. The proportion of small trees was constant at 13–16%, while seedlings declined from 29% to 2%. The population reduced by 35%, mainly due to high seedling mortality. Although the population was in decline, there appeared to be enough small trees and seedlings to maintain the population longer than at both the Burnerbinmah and Ninghan sites.
In a second study, 16 640 sandalwood seeds were sown at the same three sites during 1996–97, and then assessed for germination, survival, growth and fruit production over 17 years. Sandalwood germination and growth were compared between locations, fencing treatments and land systems. Seed enrichment was successful at each site with 27–45% germination and 6–20% survival (from germinated seeds) after 17 years. The overall seedling survival rates (from total seeds sown) ranged from 2.1% to 5.2%. Mean stem diameter of seedlings was significantly larger at Goongarrie (37 mm) than at both Burnerbinmah and Ninghan (20–22 mm) sites. Grazing significantly affected the performance of sandalwood seedlings at an age of 17 years at the Ninghan site. At this site, seedling survival (from germinated seeds) was 16% in the fenced plots compared with only 6% in the unfenced plots. Mean stem diameter in the fenced plots (24 mm) was also significantly greater than in the unfenced plots (11 mm). Land systems did not affect survival of sandalwood seedlings at the Burnerbinmah site but had a significant impact at the Goongarrie site after 17 years. Seedling survival was significantly greater on the hills and ridges than those growing on the plains with granite and red sand plains. Seed-enrichment programs are recommended to improve long-term regeneration and sustainability of sandalwood trees.