scholarly journals Histopathological Changes in Chronic Low Dose Organic Arsenic Exposure in Rats Kidney

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Muhamad Salahudin WS. ◽  
Nor Zamzila A. ◽  
Norlelawati A.T. ◽  
Sanda Aung ◽  
Asmah Hanim H. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Arsenic Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Organic Arsenic

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to environmental arsenic remains a major public health challenge. Human is exposed to arsenic from groundwater as a result of anthropogenic activities. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic has been linked with multiple medical conditions. Therefore, many agricultural countries have shifted the use of inorganic to the organic-based herbicide, monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA). However, with increasing numbers of chronic kidney  disease  of  unknown  etiology  (CKDu),  chronic  exposure  to  herbicide  is  believed  as  one  of  the  potential explanations. To date, studies on chronic effects of organic arsenic on the kidney are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic oral organic arsenic exposure on the rat’s kidney. MATERIALS  AND METHOD: Thirty-six  Sprague  Dawley  rats  were  randomly  divided  into  treatment  and  its  corresponding  control groups according to the duration of observations either 2, 4 or 6 months. Both groups were subdivided into three subgroups, each with six animals per subgroup. The treatment groups were given oral MSMA at 63.20 mg/kg body weight, while control groups received distilled water. At the end of each duration, blood was collected for the renal profile, urine for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)  marker, and  kidney tissues were harvested for arsenic level measurement and histological analysis. RESULTS:Arsenic level and urinary NGAL were higher in all treatment  groups  than  its  corresponding  control  groups.  Histological  findings  showed  progressive  pathological changes in the glomeruli and proximal tubules. CONCLUSIONS:Chronic oral exposure to low dose organic arsenic has demonstrated evidence of kidney injury in rats. 

scholarly journals Chronic Low Dose Organic Arsenic Induced Liver Structural Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida S ◽  
Nor Zamzila A ◽  
Norlelawati AT ◽  
Jamalludin AR ◽  
Azliana AF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Organic Arsenic ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Over the decades, organic arsenic has been thought to be less toxic than inorganic arsenic. Monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA) is a potent organoarsenical herbicide that is still being used in most Asian countries. Reported studies on the effects of organic arsenic are mainly to the gastrointestinal system, however there are limited research on its impacts to the liver. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MSMA exposure on hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC). Materials and Methods: Fourteen Sprague Dawley rats (n=14) were divided equally into arsenic-exposed (n=7) and control (n=7) groups. The rats in arsenic-exposed group were given MSMA at 63.20 mg/kg daily for 6 months through oral gavage. While the rats in control group were given distilled water ad libitum. At the end of the duration, they were euthanized and underwent liver perfusion for tissue preservation. Liver tissues were harvested and processed for light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The findings were analysed descriptively. Results: MSMA had caused necrotic and apoptotic changes to the liver. Normal organelles morphology were loss in the hepatocytes while LSEC revealed defenestration. Conclusion: In this study, chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure showed evidence of toxicity to hepatocytes. Interestingly, LSEC demonstrated capillarization changes.

Evaluation of hippocampus in rhesus monkeys after chronic (1-year) inhalation exposure to marijuana: I. Electron microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
A.M. Andrews ◽  
S.W. Wilson ◽  
A.C. Scallet ◽  
S.F. Ali ◽  
J. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Male Rhesus

Exposure of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to marijuana via inhalation or to intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), reportedly caused ultrastructural evidence of increased synaptic width. Chronic marijuana smoke in a single rhesus monkey examined after a six month withdrawal time caused ultrastructure changes in the septal, hippocampal and amygdala regions; the synaptic cleft was widened, electron opaque material was found in the cleft and in the pre- and postsynaptic regions, with some clumping of the synaptic vesicles. The objective of our study was to assess neuropathological alterations produced by chronic inhalation of marijuana smoke.Nineteen male rhesus monkeys, 3-5 years of age and weighing 3-8 kg, were divided into four treatment groups: a) sham control, b) placebo smoke (7 days/ week) c) low dose marijuana (2 times/week with 5 days/week sham) and d) high dose marijuana (7 times/week). A smoke exposure consisted of smoke from one cigarette (2.6% THC) burned down to 10 mm butt length. Smoke was administered via smoke generator (ADL II, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Cambridge, MA) and nose-mouth only masks (local production) equipped with one-way valves.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Monitoring of Adrenocortical Activity in Three Sympatric Desert Gerbil Species

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Álvaro Navarro-Castilla ◽  
Mario Garrido ◽  
Hadas Hawlena ◽  
Isabel Barja
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
Corticosterone Metabolites ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites

The study of the endocrine status can be useful to understand wildlife responses to the changing environment. Here, we validated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to non-invasively monitor adrenocortical activity by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) in three sympatric gerbil species (Gerbillus andersoni, G. gerbillus and G. pyramidum) from the Northwestern Negev Desert’s sands (Israel). Animals included into treatment groups were injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate adrenocortical activity, while control groups received a saline solution. Feces were collected at different intervals and FCM were quantified by an EIA. Basal FCM levels were similar in the three species. The ACTH effect was evidenced, but the time of FCM peak concentrations appearance differed between the species (6–24 h post-injection). Furthermore, FCM peak values were observed sooner in G. andersoni females than in males (6 h and 18 h post-injection, respectively). G. andersoni and G. gerbillus males in control groups also increased FCM levels (18 h and 48 h post-injection, respectively). Despite the small sample sizes, our results confirmed the EIA suitability for analyzing FCM in these species as a reliable indicator of the adrenocortical activity. This study also revealed that close species, and individuals within a species, can respond differently to the same stressor.

scholarly journals n-Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Exposure Promotes Lesion Survival in a Murine Endometriosis Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3640
Author(s):  
Pooja Sharma ◽  
Jo-Yu Lynn Lee ◽  
Eing-Mei Tsai ◽  
Yu Chang ◽  
Jau-Ling Suen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Endometriotic Lesion ◽  
Multiparametric Flow Cytometry ◽  
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate ◽  
Environmental Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Lesion Growth ◽  
Gynecological Disease

Endometriosis is an inflammatory and estrogen-dependent gynecological disease associated with exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors. n-Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), a ubiquitous plasticizer, has weak estrogenic activity, and exposure to BBP is associated with endometriosis. We aimed to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of BBP on endometriosis development. We previously established a surgery-induced endometriosis-like murine model. In the present study, we exposed those mice to BBP 10 days prior to surgery and 4 weeks after surgery at physiologically relevant doses to mimic human exposure. Chronic exposure to BBP did not promote the growth of endometriotic lesions; however, the lesion survival rate in BBP-treated mice did increase significantly compared with control mice. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed that BBP exposure did not affect the homeostasis of infiltrated immune subsets in lesions but did enhance CD44 (adhesion marker) expression on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Blocking CD44 interactions locally inhibited endometriotic lesion growth. Immunofluorescence results further confirmed that CD44 blocking inhibited pDC infiltration and reduced the frequency of CD44+ pDCs in endometriotic tissues. BBP also disrupted the estrus cycle in these mice. This study suggests that chronic exposure to low-dose BBP may promote survival of endometriotic tissue through CD44-expressing pDCs.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater and its health risks in the view of background concentration in a semi arid area of Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
N. C. Mondal ◽  
K. K. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractAn increased nitrate (NO3−) concentration in groundwater has been a rising issue on a global scale in recent years. Different consumption mechanisms clearly illustrate the adverse effects on human health. The goal of this present study is to assess the natural and anthropogenic NO3− concentrations in groundwater in a semi arid area of Rajasthan and its related risks to human health in the different groups of ages such as children, males, and females. We have found that most of the samples (n = 90) were influenced by anthropogenic activities. The background level of NO3− had been estimated as 7.2 mg/L using a probabilistic approach. About 93% of nitrate samples exceeded the background limit, while 28% of the samples were beyond the permissible limit of 45 mg/L as per the BIS limits. The results show that the oral exposure of nitrate was very high as compare to dermal contact. With regard to the non-carcinogenic health risk, the total Hazard Index (HITotal) values of groundwater nitrate were an average of 0.895 for males, 1.058 for females, and 1.214 for children. The nitrate health risk assessment shows that about 38%, 46%, and 49% of the samples constitute the non-carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children, respectively. Children were found to be more prone to health risks due to the potential exposure to groundwater nitrate.

scholarly journals SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY TEST OF COMBINATION ETHANOL EXTRACT OF DETAM 1 SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L. MERR) AND JATI BELANDA (GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA LAMK) TOWARD FUNCTION, WEIGHT, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL OF WISTAR RAT LIVER

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Meilinah Hidayat ◽  
Sijani Prahastuti ◽  
Estherolita Dewi ◽  
Dewi Safitri ◽  
Siti Farah Rahmawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACTObjective: As an antiobesity therapy, combination extracts of Detam 1 soybean and Jati Belanda will be consumed for a long time; therefore, theirtoxicities to the liver need to be investigated. To determine the effect of subchronic toxicity test of combination of ethanol extract of Detam 1 soybean(EEDS) and ethanol extract of Jati Belanda (EEJB) on liver function with parameters: Alanine transaminase (ALT), macroscopic, and histopathologicalof liver.Methods: This study was conducted on 120 Wistar rats (60 males and 60 females), 90 days (treatment group) and 120 days (satellite group). Ratswere divided into six treatment groups (3 test materials, 1 control, and 2 satellites); each group included 10 males and 10 females.Results: ALT levels of treatment groups (low dose, medium, and high), both males and females were lower than the control group (p<0.05). Thetreatment groups demonstrated a good effects effect on liver function. Liver weight of all groups showed no significant difference compared with thecontrol group (p>0.05). Results of histopathological score interpretation of male and female liver rats of low dose groups were not disturbed; middledose groups were slightly disturbed and high dose groups were damaged. Satellite high doses of male groups were disrupted, while female groupswere not.Conclusion: The combination of EEDS and EEJB has a good effect on liver function, did not lead to change organ weight and at low doses did not causerenal histopathology damage in rats after 90 days administration.Keywords: Combination of soybean Jati Belanda, Toxicity subchronic test, Function, Weight, Histopathology, Liver.

scholarly journals Chronic low dose arsenic exposure preferentially perturbs mitotic phase of the cell cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suthakar Ganapathy ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Rui Xiong ◽  
Tianqi Yu ◽  
Alexandros Makriyannis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Arsenic Exposure

Extended-release Buprenorphine, an FDAindexed Analgesic, Attenuates Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eden D Alamaw ◽  
Benjamin D Franco ◽  
Katechan Jampachaisri ◽  
Monika K Huss ◽  
Cholawat Pacharinsak
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Mechanical Hypersensitivity ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Incisional Pain ◽  
Thermal Hypersensitivity

A new extended-release buprenorphine (XR), an FDA-indexed analgesic, has recently become available to the laboratoryanimal community. However, the effectiveness and dosing of XR has not been extensively evaluated for rats. We investigatedXR’s effectiveness in attenuating postoperative hypersensitivity in a rat incisional pain model. We hypothesized that highdose of XR would attenuate mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity more effectively than the low dose of XR in this model. We performed 2 experiments. In experiment 1, male adult Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 31) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups: 1) saline (saline, 0.9% NaCl, 5 mL/kg, SC, once); 2) sustained-release buprenorphine (Bup-SR; 1.2 mg/kg, SC, once), 3) low-dose extended-release buprenorphine (XR-Lo; 0.65 mg/kg, SC, once), and 4) high-dose extended-releasebuprenorphine (XR-Hi; 1.3 mg/kg, SC, once). After drug administration, a 1 cm skin incision was made on the plantar hind paw under anesthesia. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were evaluated 1 d before surgery (D-1), 4 h after surgery (D0), and for 3 d after surgery (D1, D2, and D3). In experiment 2, plasma buprenorphine concentration (n = 39) was measured at D0, D1, D2, and D3. Clinical observations were recorded daily, and a gross necropsy was performed on D3. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were measured for 3 d (D0-D3) in the saline group. Bup-SR, XR-Lo, and XR-Hi effectively attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for D0-D3. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations remained above 1 ng/mL on D0 and D1 in all treatment groups. No abnormal clinical signs were noted, but injection site reactions were evident in the Bup-SR (71%), XR-Lo (75%), and XR-Hi (87%) groups. This study indicates that XR-Hi did not attenuate hypersensitivity more effectivelythan did XR-Lo in this model. XR 0.65 mg/kg is recommended to attenuate postoperative mechanical hypersensitivity for upto 72 h in rats in an incisional pain model.

scholarly journals Comparison of Urinary Iodine, Urinary Arsenic, Radioiodine Uptake, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Free Thyroxin (FT4) Levels, Between Experimental Group with Simple Diffuse Goiter and Control Group

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Sharif Hossain ◽  
Fatema Begum
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Arsenic Level ◽  
Radioiodine Uptake ◽  
Urinary Arsenic ◽  
Diffuse Goiter ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

In Bangladesh some researchers have done several studies to find the correlation of simple diffuse goiter with arsenic level but no one conducted any study to find the differences of urinary iodine, urinary arsenic, radioiodine uptake, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4) levels between goitrous and non goitrous. That is why, in this research an attempt has been made to compare the urinary iodine, urinary arsenic, radioiodine uptake, TSH and FT4 levels between experimental group with simple diffuse goiter and healthy control group. In this study another purpose has also been made to find the associations between different pairs of variables for both experimental and control group. In this study we have tried to find the impacts of arsenic level on simple diffuse goiter. This is a case-control analytical study. The study is carried out in the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, in collaboration with the thyroid out patient department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. A total of eighty five (85) subjects are included in the study. Among the 85 subjects, a sample of forty five is considered for experimental group with simple diffuse goiter and another sample of forty is considered for healthy control group without any thyroid disease. From the experimental results it has been found that, the arsenic levels, FT4 and radioiodine uptake levels at 2 hours between the experimental and control groups are significantly different but the urinary iodine levels, TSH levels and radioiodine uptake levels at 24 hours between the experimental and control groups are not statistically different. From the experimental results it has also been found that there is significant differentiation between experimental and controls groups in respect of association between different pairs of variables. In this study, another significant finding is that iodine deficiency is not only the factor of causing simple diffuse goiter, but arsenic level is also one of the most important factor of causing simple diffuse goiter. Key words: Iodine deficiency, Simple diffuse goiter, Urinary arsenic, Statistical analysis, Association, Experimental and Control groups  DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1224 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 89-98, 2008 (June)

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