scholarly journals نحو الخطاب الوظيفي: من تنميط اللغات إلى تنميط الخطابات مقاربة أحمد المتوكل نموذجاً (The Grammar of Functional Discourse: from The Standardization of Languages to The Standardization of Discourses: The Approach of Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil as Case Study)

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
عبد الوهاب صديقي (Abdel Wahab Sadiqi)
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
The Arab Spring

ملخص البحث:   نتناول في هذه الدراسة "نحو الخطاب الوظيفي"، بوصفه نموذجاً في تحليل الاستراتيجيات التي يشتغل بها الخطاب الطبيعي، والمعايير التي يقترحها في تنميط اللغات، ومن ثمّ تنميط الخطابات إيماناً بمبدأ الاقتصاد في الإواليات، ووقفنا عند علاقة الخطاب بالسياق، ودور هذا الأخير  في تفسير فحوى الخطاب وتأويله. وقد وجدنا أن كتابات اللساني أحمد المتوكل تمثل مشروعاً تنظيرياً للسانيات الوظيفية؛ حيث استطاع استثمار مفاهيمها في معالجة قضايا اللغة العربية التركيبية والدلالية والمعجمية والتداولية، وأن ما يقدمه "نحو الخطاب الوظيفي" في تنميط الخطابات يفيد محلل الخطاب في فهم الاستراتيجيات التي يعتمدها منشئ الخطاب، لا سيما الخطاب المعاصر لما بعد الربيع العربي الذي يتميز بالانعراج والطي وغيره. اكتشفت الدراسة أن العلاقة الجدلية بين الخطاب والسياق، في نحو الخطاب الوظيفي الجديد واضحة عبر طبيعة الخطاب نفسه؛ لأن حصول التخاطب بين المخاطِب والمخاطَب، رهين باستضمار سياق الخطاب مقالاً ومقاماً، والقدرة على تجاوز التباسه، وهذا متعلق بالقدرة الخطابية، والملكات اللغوية ومدركات المخاطَب، وإن اللسانيات الوظيفية، انتقلت من لسانيات الجملة إلى لسانيات الخطاب، ومن لسانيات الخطاب إلى اللسانيات النمطية التي تكفل تنميط اللغات وتنميط الخطابات، محتفظة بنفس الإواليات، ومجسدة لـ: "مبدأ الاقتصاد"، مع الاحتفاظ بالنسق النظري الذي حكم النحو الوظيفي منذ ديك.الكلمات المفتاحية: نحو الخطاب- اللسانيات- السياق- الأنماط- الالتباس. Abstract:The paper is a case study in analyzing the strategies of a normal discourse and the maxims that it proposes in standardizing languages and subsequently in standardizing discourses in accordance to the maxim of quantity. It discusses the relation between text and context and its role in interpreting the content of discourse. Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil as a linguist had worked on the theorization of functional linguistic that had enabled him to attend to the issues of structure, semantic, lexis and pragmatics related to the Arabic language. His work ‘Toward a functional discourse’ in standardizing the discourses had benefited analyst of discourse to understand the strategies employed by the sender of discourse especially the discourse after the Arab Spring. The found that the debatable relation between the discourse and context became clear through the nature of the text itself due to the fact that communicativeness between the sender and receiver depends on the inclusion of context in order to overcome its ambiguity. This is related to the ability of discourse, the innate language competence and the understanding of the receiver. Functional linguistic had developed from the sentence linguistic to discourse linguistic and from there to standardization linguistics that warrants the standardization of discourses and languages. It also preserve the maxim of quantity and the theoretical template that governs functional grammar since Dyke.Keywords: Grammar of Discourse– Linguistics– Context– Standards– Ambiguity. Abstrak:Makalah ini membincangkan “tatabahasa wacana berfungsi” sebagai kajian kes dalam menganalisa strategi-strategi yang digunakan dalam wacana dan dalam mengkaji kriteria-kriteria yang dicadangkan dalam menstandardkan bahasa, seterusnya dalam menstandardkan wacana. Makalah ini juga membincangkan hubungan antara wacana dan konteks dan peranan konteks dalam mentafsir kandungan yang terdapat dalam wacana. Kajian ini mendapati penulisan Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil yang merupakan seorang ahli linguistik boleh dianggap sebagai teori bagi linguistik “tugas”, yang membolehkan beliau membincangkan isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan struktur, semantik, leksikografi dan pragmatik yang mempunyai hubung kait dengan bahasa Arab. Penulisannya mengenai “tatabahasa wacana berfungsi” dalam menstandardkan wacana, telah membantu penganalisis wacana untuk memahami strategi yang digunakan oleh penghantar sesuatu wacana terutamanya wacana kontemporari yang timbul setelah berlakunya peristiwa “Arab Spring”. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa hubungan yang dipersoalkan antara wacana dan konteks menjadi lebih jelas menerusi sifat semula jadi wacana itu sendiri kerana komunikasi yang berlaku antara penghantar dan penerima bergantung kepada tindakan memasukkan konteks ke dalam wacana tersebut bagi mengatasi masalah kekaburan dan kesamaran. Hal ini berkait rapat dengan kemampuan berwacana, kecekapan semula jadi dalam menggunakan bahasa dan kefahaman seseorang penerima. Hakikatnya, linguistik “tugas” telah berkembang daripada linguistik ayat kepada linguistik wacana dan daripada linguistik wacana kepada linguistik standard yang menjamin penggunaan standard bahasa dan wacana. Ia juga merupakan templat yang menentukan nahu “tugas” sejak zaman Dyke.   Kata kunci: Wacana Nahu- Linguistik- Konteks- Standard- Kesamaran.

scholarly journals Enclaving the City; New Models of Containing the Urban Populations: A Case Study of Cairo

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa H. Ashoub ◽  
Mohamed W. Elkhateeb
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Road Development ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The City ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This article builds on theoretical foundations from enclave urbanism, authoritarian planning and neoliberal urbanisation to explore contemporary socio-spatial transformation(s) happening in Cairo, Egypt. Relying on a nationwide road development project, inner-city neighbourhoods in Cairo are turning into urban enclaves, whereby populations are being separated by a multiplicity of transport-related infrastructure projects. As these rapid planning processes are occurring, our article aims to explain why these developments are crucial and unique in the context of the post-Arab Spring cities. We argue that the new road infrastructure is creating a spatially and socially fragmented city and transforming the urban citizenry into a controllable and navigable body. We use an inductive approach to investigate the effects of the new road infrastructure and its hegemonic outcomes on the city. On a conceptual level, we propose that the enclaving of the city is a containment method that has erupted since the mass mobilisations of the Arab Spring. In doing so, we use qualitative analysis to explain empirical evidence showing how the city is being transformed into nodes of enclaves, where communities are getting separated from one another via socio-spatial fault lines.

scholarly journals Nasheeds as a part of the jihadi culture. The role of music in the Islamic State’s propaganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Marta Stempień
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Empirical Research Methods ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The 19Th Century

Nasheeds outpace the era of Internet and Youtube. Jihadist poetry in the Islamist hymns can be seen as an extension of the 19th-century anticolonial style of poetry called qaseeda. Presented article shows that nasheeds were not always a significant element in the jihadi culture. The increase of their role was observed quite recently, after the outbreak of the “Arab Spring”. This article is a case study. It attempts to fill a gap in research on the IS’s propaganda materials. The major objective of this article is to investigate the phenomenon of jihadist naseeds, including their role in the ‘jihadi culture’. The author seeks to answer to the question whether the presented facts may indicate the increase in their role occurred with the transfer of IS’ activities to cyberspace and whether it will be intensified in the future. The article takes into account historical conditions, briefly describing the genesis of the naseeds and their proliferation after the events of the “Arab Spring”. Then, using systemic analysis, the author presents their role in the activities of the Islamic State. In addition, theoretical and empirical research methods, such as: scientific literature analysis, case analysis, content analysis, classification, generalization were taken to solve the research problem.

scholarly journals Arab Spring Failure: A Case Study of Egypt and Syria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Raid Khan ◽  
Amna Mahmood ◽  
Asif Salim
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Military ◽  
Democratic Norms ◽  
Rule Out

The Arab Spring was assumed to reform the prevailing regime pattern and to bring socio-economic reforms. However, it failed to get its intended outcomes at large. The objectives of the revolution that are to bring a positive transformation in the social, economic, and political domains were not attained effectively and was considered a failed revolution in the case of Egypt and Syria. The present paper focuses on exploring the reasons and factors behind its failure in the particular context of Egypt and Syria. Although Egypt observed regime transition from dictatorship to democracy, yet within one and a half year, a military coup overthrew the democratically elected government of Mohammad Morsi, and the military regime was reinstalled. In the case of Syria, since 2011, a civil war is going on where Bashar-ul-Asad still holds dictatorial powers. The study reveals that the lack of stable political institutions, weak democratic norms, and the absence of a vibrant civil society paved the way for state authorities to rule out the attempts of protestors. Excluding a few of the countries, the rest of the Middle Eastern countries are still ruled by the powerful elites. The successes of the Arab Spring are still to be awaited.

Narrative Account of the Arab Spring: Translations of Aljazeera and RT of the Egyptian and Syrian Uprisings as Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Haitham A. Aldreabi
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Reality Construction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Arab Spring

the events of the Arab Spring attracted the attention of many scholars from various disciplines. However, the general trend of existing literature seems to ignore the different cultural representations within the Arab world leading for assumptions that the uprisings share similar outcomes and/or motivations. This article attempts to deconstruct the terms Arab Spring and Arab world through shedding light on two of the most influential uprisings that brought about social, economic, and political changes. To do so, it combines CDA and narrative theory to address the subject of the thematic nature of the subsequent media messages during the Egyptian and Syrian uprisings to investigate the process of meaning-making and the role of language in social reality construction. The purpose is to motivate researchers to address the largely ignored issue of the different representations in media and narratives.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE POST ARAB SPRING ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS IN SYRIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-463
Author(s):  
Dakheelallah Alharbi ◽  
Zarina Othman ◽  
Sity Daud
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to give an analysis of the humanitarian situation and the case of human rights in Syria after the events of the Arab spring. Methodology: This is analytical-descriptive research that has been done through literature review, content analysis, and documentary and case study research. Result: our results suggest that the Syrian government made false concessions designed to end the revolts. The occurrence led to the formation of a rebel group, the Free Syrian Army whose main objective was to oust the authoritarian regime and stop the killing of civilians. This marked the beginning of the blatant violation of human rights as well as the civil war in Syria. The government not only ignited but also took the war to its own people killing, injuring and imprisoning thousands of people. Worse still, thousands of women and young girls still suffer sexual violence during the nightly raids conducted frequently on either opposing camps. Following the massive violations of human rights, almost all economic sectors of Syria have met rock-bottom. Applications: This research can be used for policymakers and the international community to take a further step to aid the Syrian civilians. Novelty/Originality: In our research, we try to target a very much debated topic in the Middle East. Although several articles written about the humanitarian and human rights situation in Syria studies on human rights after the Arab spring is still lacking.

scholarly journals A multimodal analysis of political satire: Webcomics and GIFs in Post-Arab Spring Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanem El-Farahaty
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Facebook Pages ◽  
The Arab Spring

The Egyptian Revolution in 2011 and the protests known as “the Arab Spring” resulted in an increase in the number of comic writers and amateurs who use specialist software to mix modes digitally for novel sign-making (Gursimesk, 2016; Lankshear & Knobel, 2008). These people draw creative forms of satire, including but not limited to political webcomics and Graphics Interchange Formats (GIFs) which exist alongside political cartoons. This article aims to employ a multimodal analysis of a sample of Egyptian webcomics and GIFs in order to highlight how visual design elements complement each other, in an effort to support translators and/or readers/viewers in their interpretation of the images and, by extension, in their ability to make sense of reality. With this aim in mind, this article combines Serafini’s (2010) tripartite approach to perception, structure and ideology; Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) discussion of elements of visual design, and Genette’s and Maclean’s (1991) approach to paratext. The analysis will also be informed by interviews with the founders and co-founders of two Facebook pages, and with a cartoonist working for Almasry Alyoum newspaper. First, the article discusses briefly the translation of comics or webcomics and GIFs, particularly the challenges of translating political webcomics and GIFs into English. The theoretical framework and a case study are then discussed in the second part.

scholarly journals The similarities between the Arab spring and the 2013 protests in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (86) ◽  
pp. 10-27
Author(s):  
Mohamed Arafa ◽  
Lucas Reis da Silva ◽  
Rafael Moreno de Santiago Santos
Keyword(s):  
Arab Spring ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Arab Spring

The study to be done in the courseof this article aims to analyze the influence of the Arab Spring on the manifestations that occurred in Brazil in 2013, culminating in the impeachment of the then President of the Republic. As a result, there is still the scope to identify the correlation between the attitudes adopted by protesters in the Arab world and in Brazil. Methodologically, the research is classified as inductive, of scientific and explicative character, with aqualitative approach and is characterized as an observational case study. The research instrument was only bibliographic analysis.

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