scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Peanut Cultivar-Bradyrhizobium Specificities1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Phillips ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Host Strain ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
High Level

Abstract The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) generally is considered promiscuous since it forms symbioses with a diverse group of Bradyrhizobium. However, specific cultivar-strain combinations like Robut 33–1 and strain NC92 have resulted in significant yield increases, suggesting that host-strain combinations may be selected for superior nitrogen fixation and yield. The objectives of this study were to measure nitrogen fixation-related traits during the growing season and evaluate the interactions between host peanut genotypes and Bradyrhizobium strains under field conditions in North Carolina. A factorial experiment with four cultivars and five inoculants was conducted in two years at two locations (Clayton and Lewiston) in North Carolina. Traits measured during the growing season were nodule number and weight, root weight (1983 only), shoot weight, pod weight, nitrogenase activity and specific nitrogenase activity. In 1984, fruit yield was measured at harvest. Results indicated that cultivars and strains were different for most traits in 1983 at Clayton but significant host-strain interactions occurred only for nodule weight at 60 days after planting (DAP) and root weight at 132 DAP. In 1984, Clayton results indicated cultivar-strain interactions for all traits at 73 DAP and for several traits at 109 DAP. At Lewiston only cultivar differences were important. The Clayton fields had low populations of native Bradyrhizobium while Lewiston had a high level of the bacteria. Inoculation produced substantial yield increases at Clayton but not at Lewiston. Robut 33–1 inoculated with strain NC92 did not yield more than with other strains. Further study is needed to explain why repeated increases in yield were obtained with Robut 33–1/NC92 in tropical studies but not in North Carolina. The possibility still exists that superior cultivar-strain combinations can be identified.

Quantitative Genetic Aspects of Nitrogen Fixation in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1,2

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Combining Abilities ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Simple Evaluation

Abstract Manipulation of the host genotype has been proposed as a method of increasing biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in symbiosis with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The F1 generation of a diallel cross of 10 South American cultivars was evaluated in the greenhouse in an analysis of gene action for traits related to nitrogen fixation. The parents represented five secondary centers of diversity and effects in the diallel model were partitioned into among- and within-center components. Variation of center effects was significant for several characters but was smaller in magnitude than within-center variation. Specific combining abilities were significant and accounted for more variability than general combining abilities for nodule number, nodule mass, specific nitrogenase activity, shoot weight, and total nitrogen, indicating non-additive types of gene action. Maternal effects were observed for the same characters. The parents with the highest general combining abilities (GCA's) for nitrogen fixation were both fastigiate types, while Virginia-type parents had generally low GCA's. Correlations between parental and GCA effects were nonsignificant for all traits, so simple evaluation of lines for nitrogen-fixing capacity may not identify superior parents for use in breeding programs.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

Nodulation and Nitrogenase Activity of Peanuts Inoculated with Single Strain Isolates of Rhizobium1

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis ◽  
T. G. Isleib
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Greenhouse Evaluation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Rhizobial Population

Abstract Nodulation and nitrogenase activity (μM C2H4/plant/hr) for 48 diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.2) genotypes were determined in a field site where the soil supported high populations of endemic rhizobia. These same rhizobia and peanut genotypes had previously been evaluated in a greenhouse study. Both host genotypes and rhizobial strains significantly influenced nodulation and nitrogenase activity. Roots of Virginia-type host plants were better nodulated and exhibited higher nitrogenase activity than genotypes of the fastigiate type. Florigiant, the predominant cultivar in the Virginia-North Carolina area, produced the most nodules and had the greatest nitrogenase activity. Variation in nodulation and nitrogenase activity for the single strain isolates in the presence of naturally occurring field populations indicated that the strains were able to compete for nodule sites. Strains both less and more effective than the naturally occurring rhizobial population were observed. Nitrogenase activity of the strains was correlated with previous greenhouse results suggesting that greenhouse evaluation of rhizobial strains for peanuts is useful as a preliminary screen before evaluation in the field.

Influence of Digging Date on Yield and Gross Return of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars in North Carolina

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Jordan ◽  
J. F. Spears ◽  
G. A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Balance Complex

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growers must balance complex interactions among cultivars, planting dates, environmental and physiological stresses during the growing season, and weather conditions at harvest when determining when to dig peanut. Ten field experiments were conducted in North Carolina from 1994 through 1996 to determine the influence of digging date on pod yield and gross return of virginia-type peanut. Beginning in mid- to late September, the cultivars NC 9, NC 10C, NCV-11, VA-C 92R, AgraTech (AT) VC-1, and NC 12C were dug on four dates approximately 7 d apart. Considerable variation in pod yield and gross return was noted among cultivars and experiments. Delaying digging increased pod yield and gross return in some but not all experiments. Greater variation in pod yield and gross return was observed for NC 10C than for AT VC-1 when compared across digging dates. Pod yield and gross return for NC9, NC V-11, VA-C 92R, and NC 12C were intermediate between NC 10C and AT VC-1. Of the cultivars evaluated, yield and gross return of AT VC-1 were the most stable over digging dates. These data suggest that growers should evaluate maturity of peanut in individual fields for each cultivar when determining when to dig. These data also suggest that factors other than maturity impact pod yield and gross return.

EFFECTS OF RHIZOBIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND GROWTH OF FIELD PEAS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. SOSULSKI ◽  
J. A. BUCHAN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Nitrogenase activities of single and multistrains of Rhizobium during the growing season were low and the inoculation treatments failed to increase yields or nitrogen contents of Century field peas. Nitrogen fertilization at seeding severely depressed nitrogenase activity but markedly increased forage and seed yields as well as protein contents.

Effect of Leaf Removal on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Peanut1

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Osman ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
C 50

Abstract The effect of varying levels of leaf defoliation on the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of a Virginia and a spanish-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar was investigated in the greenhouse. Five leaf defoliation treatments - (a) control (no leaflet removal), (b) 25%, (c) 50%, (d) 75%, and (e) 100% - were carried out every 3 to 5 days throughout the growing period. All nitrogen fixation measurements were affected by the defoliation (leaflet removal) treatments. Increased leaf defoliation reduced nodule formation and N2 fixation. The reduction in plant dry weight, nodule number, nodule dry weight, and nitrogenase activity was most severe for the 100% defoliation treatment. Correlation coefficients (r) of N2 fixation measurements and leaf areas and weights were highly significant. The defoliation effect was similar in both experiments and cultivars; however, the Virginia type achieved higher values for all N2 fixation measurements.

scholarly journals Azorhizobium caulinodans PIIand GlnK Proteins Control Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonia Assimilation

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (8) ◽  
pp. 2655-2658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Michel-Reydellet ◽  
P. Alexandre Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Ammonia Assimilation ◽  
Ammonium Excretion ◽  
Azorhizobium Caulinodans ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living State ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT We herein report that Azorhizobium caulinodansPII and GlnK are not necessary for glutamine synthetase (GS) adenylylation whereas both proteins are required for complete GS deadenylylation. The disruption of both glnB andglnK resulted in a high level of GS adenylylation under the condition of nitrogen fixation, leading to ammonium excretion in the free-living state. PII and GlnK also controllednif gene expression because NifA activated nifHtranscription and nitrogenase activity was derepressed in glnB glnK double mutants, but not in wild-type bacteria, grown in the presence of ammonia.

Inheritance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Two Peanut Crosses1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Phillips ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dominance Model ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Reciprocal Differences

Abstract Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) may be improved by genetically manipulating the host plant. This requires an understanding of the inheritance of the traits involved in nitrogen fixation. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of several N2 fixation-related traits for two peanut crosses based on Mather and Jink's fixation-related traits for two peanut crosses based on Mather and Jink's additive-dominance model, and to determine if epistasis was important in the inheritance of these traits. A generation means analysis usingparents, reciprocal F1s and F2s, and two back-cross generations was conducted for both crosses. Plants of different generations were grown in modified Leonard jars in the greenhouse for about 60 days at which time nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight, nitrogenase activity, and specific activity were measured. Means of the traits for the generations from both crosses (Robut 33-1 x NC 4 and Robut 33-1 x Argentine) showed significant differences. Reciprocal differences were found for most traits measured in the cross of Robut 33-1 x Argentine, a cross of Virginia x Spanish botanical types. Lack of fit of the additive-dominance model indicated significant epistasis for inheritance of nodule number, nodule weight, top dry weight, and nitrogenase activity in both crosses. Three types of digenic interactions (additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance) were found. The presence of nonadditive genetic effects suggests that early generation selection would be ineffective.

scholarly journals Combining Ability Analysis of N2-Fixation and Related Traits in Peanut1

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N Nigam ◽  
S. L Dwivedi ◽  
P. T. C Nambiar ◽  
R. W Gibbons ◽  
P. J Dart
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Combining Ability Analysis ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Abstract Analysis of a six parent diallel cross involving high and low nitrogen fixing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes revealed the predominant nature of non-additive genetic variance for nitrogenase activity and other traits. Germplasm line, NC Ac 2821 had the highest general combining ability for nitrogenase activity, total nitrogen, leaf area, and top weight, and therefore, it should be a good parent for use in breeding programs. Nitrogenase activity was significantly and positively correlated with nodule number, nodule mass, total nitrogen, top weight, and root weight. This evidence suggests the possibility of breeding for increased nitrogen fixation and thus yield in peanut.

Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high-temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotypes at two moisture levels in calcareous soil

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rai ◽  
V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Rhizobium Strains

SUMMARYRhizobium strains adapted to high temperature, and genotypes of green gram, were used to study the symbiotic N2-fixation in a summer season at two moisture levels in calcareous soil. Different interactions between strains and genotypes were observedatthe two moisture levels. At both moisture levels, strain S4 with the green gram genotype S8 showed the greatest grain yield, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin and ethanolsoluble carbohydrate of nodules.

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