Voluntarism

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-104
Author(s):  
Anders Sevelsted
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Conservative Christians ◽  
Core Meaning ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Welfare State

The article analyzes the varied meanings historically associated with concepts of voluntarism in relation to social relief as they were articulated by changing moral elites in Denmark from the late nineteenth century until the present. Concepts of voluntarism have historically constituted “normative counterconcepts” that link voluntary practices to desired futures in opposition to alternative modes of organizing. The “proximity” of voluntarism vis-à-vis the “distance” of the state has always been a core meaning, but the concept has drifted across the political spectrum from its first articulation by nineteenth-century conservative Christians to its rediscovery by leftist social researchers in the late twentieth century. Paradoxically, the welfare state helped “proximity” become a core meaning, in contrast to its original social-conservative meaning emphasizing proximity and distance.

The Book as Waste: Henry Mayhew and the Fall of Paper Recycling

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Price
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Wood Pulp ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pulp Paper ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Gavin Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Reflexive Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

For the purposes of this book, science fiction is defined broadly in the terms advanced by Darko Suvin, with a focus on the genre from the late nineteenth century onwards. Psychology is conceived as the modern Western discipline, running from the origins of experimental psychology in the late nineteenth century to the ascendance of neuroscience as a disciplinary rival in the late twentieth century. Five different functions for psychological discourses in science fiction are proposed. The didactic-futurological function educates the non-specialist through extrapolation of psychological technologies, teaching within the context of futurological forecasting. The utopian function anchors in historical possibility the imagining of a currently non-existent society, whether utopian or dystopian. The cognitive-estranging function defamiliarizes and denaturalizes social reality by extrapolating current social tendencies and/or construct unsettling fictional analogues of the reader’s world. The metafictional function self-consciously thematizes within narrative fiction the psychological origins, nature, and function of science fiction as a genre. The reflexive function addresses the construction of individuals and groups who have reflexively adopted the ‘truth’ of psychological knowledge.

Firearm “Rights” in Canada: Law and History in the Debates over Gun Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
R. Blake Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractThis article explains why and how some Canadians have asserted a right to possess firearms from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. It demonstrates that several late-nineteenth-century politicians asserted a right to arms for self-defence purposes based on the English Bill of Rights. This “right” was forgotten until opponents of gun control dusted it off in the late twentieth century. Firearm owners began to assert such a right based upon the English Bill of Rights, William Blackstone, and the English common law. Their claims remained judicially untested until recent cases finally undermined such arguments.

scholarly journals At your Cervix Madam: a Socio-Historical Study of Cervical Cancer from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Late Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pamela Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

<p>This thesis is a socio-historical study of cervical cancer from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It explores the ways in which discourses have constituted knowledge, social practices and subjectivities in relation to cervical cancer. It also explores the ways in which power has operated on the bodies of New Zealand women. In doing so it criticises orthodox histories of medicine, problematises the knowledge claims of medicine and argues for a sociological account of medical knowledge. In this thesis discourses on cervical cancer have been subjected to a feminist-Foucauldian analysis which reveals their historical specificity and their social location. The gendered bodies of women are placed at the centre of this analysis. This thesis challenges constructionist accounts of medicine which do not pay sufficient attention to the role of gender relations in the construction of bodies. This thesis also develops against feminist theorists a view of women as actively constituting their bodies by responding to and challenging medical discourses whilst at the same time being shaped by these discourses. In this study, cervical cancer is subjected to a sociological analysis which problematises its existence as an unalloyed biological phenomenon. It is argued that women's bodies have been the contested sites for knowledge/power and that the cervix and its diseases have been constituted as variable medical artifacts throughout specific historical periods from the 1890s to the 1990s. The study also shows however, the ways in which women have been active participants in the disciplining of their bodies. In this thesis, the medical profession, state actors and feminists are shown to interact in an interweave of power. In doing so the socially negotiated status of medical knowledge of cervical cancer is revealed.</p>

The Libel Climate of the Late Nineteenth Century: A Survey of Libel Litigation, 1884–1899

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy W. Gleason
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Damage Awards ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Libel Law

This study examines libel litigation in the late nineteenth century and compares it to the libel climate in the late twentieth century. Libel reports in trade journals from 1884 to 1899 were surveyed and catalogued. The strongest similarity found is the frequent use of libel law by public figures and public officials. In both periods public persons sued over articles concerning public performance even though the likelihood of winning large damage awards was minimal. This finding suggests that minor changes in modern libel doctrine will not resolve current conflicts in libel law.

scholarly journals At your Cervix Madam: a Socio-Historical Study of Cervical Cancer from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Late Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pamela Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

<p>This thesis is a socio-historical study of cervical cancer from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It explores the ways in which discourses have constituted knowledge, social practices and subjectivities in relation to cervical cancer. It also explores the ways in which power has operated on the bodies of New Zealand women. In doing so it criticises orthodox histories of medicine, problematises the knowledge claims of medicine and argues for a sociological account of medical knowledge. In this thesis discourses on cervical cancer have been subjected to a feminist-Foucauldian analysis which reveals their historical specificity and their social location. The gendered bodies of women are placed at the centre of this analysis. This thesis challenges constructionist accounts of medicine which do not pay sufficient attention to the role of gender relations in the construction of bodies. This thesis also develops against feminist theorists a view of women as actively constituting their bodies by responding to and challenging medical discourses whilst at the same time being shaped by these discourses. In this study, cervical cancer is subjected to a sociological analysis which problematises its existence as an unalloyed biological phenomenon. It is argued that women's bodies have been the contested sites for knowledge/power and that the cervix and its diseases have been constituted as variable medical artifacts throughout specific historical periods from the 1890s to the 1990s. The study also shows however, the ways in which women have been active participants in the disciplining of their bodies. In this thesis, the medical profession, state actors and feminists are shown to interact in an interweave of power. In doing so the socially negotiated status of medical knowledge of cervical cancer is revealed.</p>

scholarly journals Globalization, Convergence, and History

1996 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Middle Years ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

There were three epochs of growth experience after the mid-nineteenth century for what is now called the OECD “club”: the late nineteenth century, the middle years between 1914 and 1950, and the late twentieth century. The first and last epochs were ones of overall fast growth, globalization, and convergence. The middle years were ones of overall slow growth, deglobalization, and divergence. Thus history offers an unambiguous positive correlation between globalization and convergence. When the pre-World War I years are examined in detail, the correlation turns out to be causal: globalization playedthecritical role in contributing to convergence.

Popular music in the ‘gilded age’: musicians' gigs in late nineteenth-century Washington DC

Popular Music ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 25-47
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Sheet Music ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Twentieth Century America ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Music is part of everyday life in late twentieth-century America, due primarily to the technology of recorded sound. We are surrounded by it: we have radios to wake us in the morning and to entertain us while we drive our automobiles, background music on television and in movies, ‘atmosphere’ music in elevators and restaurants, and collections of musical recordings in our homes. Because most of the music heard today is recorded, we assume that the pervasiveness of music in our lives is, indeed, a twentieth-century phenomenon. There is evidence to suggest, however, that music was almost as commonplace for late nineteenth-century urban Americans as it is for us today. The popularity of sheet music and of ubiquitous parlour pianos are obvious manifestations of amateur music making by the generation of our grandparents and great-grandparents. Less well known, however, is the fact that Americans of the latter half of the nineteenth century, especially urban Americans, were in frequent contact with professional performing musicians, who played not only at functions where we would expect to find music but also, as a matter of course, at events with which we do not normally associate music and musicians.

Nationhood and Transborder Labor Migrations: The Late Twentieth Century from a Late Nineteenth-Century Perspective

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filomeno V. Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Labor Migrations ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Sense Of Shame

This paper seeks to provide a perspective on contemporary Philippine labor migrations by viewing this phenomenon in light of analogous transborder movements of workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based on information about so-called Manilla men in Australia and British Malaya, the paper discusses living and working conditions of migrant workers in the earlier period. The paper takes up the broader context of indentured work in the nineteenth century and the reaction by such countries of origin as China and Japan to interrogate the pervasive sense of shame and victimization felt in present-day Philippines arising from the export of labor. The broad parameters of the Philippine national narrative are explored in view of the continuities and changes in the relationship between national identity and long-distance movements of workers.

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