Differentiation of medulloblastoma

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O. Palmer ◽  
Alfred G. Kasselberg ◽  
Martin G. Netsky
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Staining ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Astrocytic Differentiation ◽  
Undifferentiated Tumors

✓ A series of medulloblastomas was studied by light microscopy. The tumors were variable: astrocytic, ependymal, neuronal, and probable oligodendroglial differentiation was present. Features of glioblastoma multiforme occurred in one case. Immunoperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an antigen found only in astrocytes and ependymal cells, revealed astrocytic differentiation in 11 of 13 cases. The two GFAP-negative tumors were histologically undifferentiated. A new classification of medulloblastomas is presented, based on the multiple types of differentiation of these tumors. Neuronal, astrocytic, ependymal, and small-cell types are described. Undifferentiated tumors were more frequent in younger children. The differentiation of medulloblastoma is correlated with recent experimental studies of gliogenesis and neurogenesis. A hypothesis that medulloblastoma is a stem-cell neoplasm is presented, based on these comparative data.

The future of sustainable supply chains: a novel tertiary-systematic methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piera Centobelli ◽  
Roberto Cerchione ◽  
Livio Cricelli ◽  
Emilio Esposito ◽  
Serena Strazzullo
Keyword(s):  
New Classification ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chains ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Systematic Methodology

Purpose In recent years, economic, environmental and social sustainability has become one of the fastest-growing research fields. The number of primary and secondary papers addressing the triple bottom line is growing significantly, and the supply chain (SC) management discipline is in the same wave. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a novel tertiary systematic methodology to explore, aggregate, categorise and analyse the findings provided by secondary studies. Design/methodology/approach A novel tertiary systematic literature review approach, including 94 secondary studies, is proposed and used to analyse sustainable SC literature. The papers have been analysed using a research protocol, including descriptive and content analysis criteria. Findings This tertiary study does not only provide an overview of the literature on the topic of sustainability in SCs but also goes further, drawing up a categorisation of main research areas and research perspectives adopted by previous researchers. The paper also presents a rank of research gaps and an updated and a prioritised agenda. Originality/value This paper provides a novel interpretation of the research topics addressed by the secondary studies and presents a new classification of the literature gaps and their evolution. Finally, a dynamic research compass for both academicians and practitioners is presented.

A theoretical classification of helping behavior and helping motives

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih Yung Chou ◽  
Joseph M. Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Interrole Conflict ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Support ◽  
Role Demands ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new classification of helping behavior using the recipient’s solicitation and the helper’s proactiveness. Additionally, the authors explore helping motives for each of the forms of helping behavior that the authors identify. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined relevant research and performed a theoretical analysis. Findings – The authors classified helping behavior into three distinct forms, including unsolicited proactive helping behavior, unsolicited reactive helping behavior, and solicited reactive helping behavior. Additionally, the authors claimed that unsolicited proactive helping behavior is an outcome of personality and dispositions, that unsolicited reactive helping behavior is a process of social and instrumental exchange, and that solicited reactive helping behavior is a product of functional motives. Practical implications – First, from the perspective of organizational justice, the authors recommend managers to take the form of helping behavior exhibited into consideration when evaluating employees’ helping behavior because certain forms of helping behavior require greater degrees of cooperation and sacrifices from the helper than other forms. Second, because employees who engage in high levels of unsolicited proactive helping behavior are likely to experience interrole conflict, the authors suggest that managers provide counseling and managerial support that help cope with emotional and psychological strain created by excessive role demands. Finally, findings of this study imply that managers need to create a workplace culture where employees can feel comfortable to solicit help when necessary. Originality/value – This is the first study that classifies helping behavior and helping motives using both of the helper’s and recipient’s perspectives.

A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S14-S20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence F. Marshall ◽  
Sharon Bowers Marshall ◽  
Melville R. Klauber ◽  
Marjan van Berkum Clark ◽  
Howard M. Eisenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Diffuse Injury

✓ A new classification of head injury based primarily on information gleaned from the initial computerized tomography (CT) scan is described. It utilizes the status of the mesencephalic cisterns, the degree of midline shift in millimeters, and the presence or absence of one or more surgical masses. The term “diffuse head injury” is divided into four subgroups, defined as follows: Diffuse Injury I includes all diffuse head injuries where there is no visible pathology; Diffuse Injury II includes all diffuse injuries in which the cisterns are present, the midline shift is less than 5 mm, and/or there is no high- or mixed-density lesion of more than 25 cc; Diffuse Injury III includes diffuse injuries with swelling where the cisterns are compressed or absent and the midline shift is 0 to 5 mm with no high- or mixed-density lesion of more than 25 cc; and Diffuse Injury IV includes diffuse injuries with a midline shift of more than 5 mm and with no high- or mixed-density lesion of more than 25 cc. There is a direct relationship between these four diagnostic categories and the mortality rate. Patients suffering diffuse injury with no visible pathology (Diffuse Injury I) have the lowest mortality rate (10%), while the mortality rate in patients suffering diffuse injury with a midline shift (Diffuse Injury IV) is greater than 50%. When used in conjunction with the traditional division of intracranial hemorrhages (extradural, subdural, or intracerebral), this categorization allows a much better assessment of the risk of intracranial hypertension and of a fatal or nonfatal outcome. This more accurate categorization of diffuse head injury, based primarily on the result of the initial CT scan, permits specific subsets of patients to be targeted for specific types of therapy. Patients who would appear to be at low risk based on a clinical examination, but who are known from the CT scan diagnosis to be at high risk, can now be identified.

Proposition of the relational boycott

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-333
Author(s):  
Breno de Paula Andrade Cruz ◽  
Delane Botelho
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
New Type ◽  
A Company ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Future Test

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify, in the context of virtual social networks (VSNs), other types of boycott which have not yet been addressed in the literature. We relate the boycott(s) emerged on the VSNs with those found in the literature (economic, religious, of minorities, ecological and labor boycott), and verify the motivation that must be unique to such context. Design/methodology/approach – Grounded theory was used in triangulation with netnography (interacting with 183 customers), non-participant observation (68 postings/47 complaints, from 2009 to 2012) and in-depth interview (15 consumers). Findings – A new classification of boycott was proposed, which emerged on the basis of company service quality, named “relational boycott”, which can generate additional acts of repudiation, such as interaction, unity of the group and encouragement of third parties. Research limitations/implications – The model of relational boycott proposed was not empirically tested, but insights for future test are provided. Practical implications – A model of how the relational boycott is structured is provided, being a deliberate, primary act of the consumer resulting from the management problems of a company generating backlash actions. Social implications – Since boycott represents a mechanism of protesting, it is a way that consumers pressure companies to provide better services and products, which may improve consumer’s wellbeing in the long range. Originality/value – A new type of boycott emerges in the research, named relational boycott, structured in a model that can be tested empirically.

scholarly journals Cheaters, Liars, or Both? A New Classification of Dishonesty Profiles

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1097-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pascual-Ezama ◽  
Drazen Prelec ◽  
Adrián Muñoz ◽  
Beatriz Gil-Gómez de Liaño
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Coin Toss ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Die Roll ◽  
The Individual

Experimental studies of dishonesty usually rely on population-level analyses, which compare the distribution of claimed rewards in an unsupervised, self-administered lottery (e.g., tossing a coin) with the expected lottery statistics (e.g., 50/50 chance of winning). Here, we provide a paradigm that measures dishonesty at the individual level and identifies new dishonesty profiles with specific theoretical interpretations. We found that among dishonest participants, (a) some did not bother implementing the lottery at all, (b) some implemented but lied about the lottery outcome, and (c) some violated instructions by repeating the lottery multiple times until obtaining an outcome they felt was acceptable. These results held both in the lab and with online participants. In Experiment 1 ( N = 178), the lottery was a coin toss, which permitted only a binary honest/dishonest response; Experiment 2 ( N = 172) employed a six-sided-die roll, which permitted gradations in dishonesty. We replicated some previous results and also provide a new, richer classification of dishonest behavior.

Strategy, nonstrategy and no strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azaddin Salem Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeTo unravel three strategy-related concepts, frequently confused as one, by introducing the new concept of nonstrategy and proposing a novel threefold classification of strategy, nonstrategy and no strategy.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on some key insightful definitions of strategy, the paper infers five essential attributes of strategy. These, in turn, are used to introduce the new concept and classification.FindingsThe paper makes clear distinction between the different concepts of strategy, nonstrategy and no strategy that are usually confused in the literature.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper calls for a reexamination of what strategy is, how it can be better operationalized, how it should be distinguished from nonstrategy and no strategy and how strategy evolution and drift can be tracked.Practical implicationsThe paper clarifies what constitutes strategy, gives practitioners directions on how to strategize and warns against the potential of malpractice that produces nonstrategy.Originality/valueThe introduction of the new concept of nonstrategy and the development of a new classification that distinguishes three concepts that are usually confused as one.

The classification of the image segmentation algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
Igor Georgievich Khanykov ◽  
Ivan Mikhajlovich Tolstoj ◽  
Dmitriy Konstantinovich Levonevskiy
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Framework ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
High Level ◽  
Research And Design

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is the image segmentation algorithms (ISA) classification analysis, providing for advanced research and design of new computer vision algorithms.Design/methodology/approachFor the development of the required algorithms a three-stage flowchart is suggested. An algorithm of quasi-optimal segmentation is discussed as a possible implementation of the suggested flowchart. A new attribute is introduced reflecting the specific hierarchical algorithm group, which the proposed algorithm belongs to. The introduced attribute refines the overall classification scheme and the requirements for the algorithms under development.FindingsOptimal approximation generation is a computationally intensive task. The computational complexity can be reduced using a hierarchical data framework and a set of auxiliary algorithms, contributing to overall quality improvement. Because hierarchical solutions usually are distinctively suboptimal, further optimization to them was applied. A new classification attribute, proposed in this paper allows to discover previously hidden «blank spots», having decomposed the two-tier ISA classification scheme. The new classification attribute allows to aggregate algorithms, yielding multiple partitions at output and assign them to a dedicated group.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper consists in development of a high-level ISA classification, as well in introduction of a new classification attribute, pertinent to iterative algorithm groups and to hierarchically structured data presentation algorithms.

Reductive and generative approaches to management of morphological variation of keywords in monolingual information retrieval

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Retrieval Effectiveness ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Monolingual Information Retrieval

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to discuss advantages and disadvantages of various means to manage morphological variation of keywords in monolingual information retrieval.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present a compilation of query results from 11 mostly European languages and a new general classification of the language dependent techniques for management of morphological variation. Variants of the different techniques are compared in some detail in terms of retrieval effectiveness and other criteria. The paper consists mainly of an overview of different management methods for keyword variation in information retrieval. Typical IR retrieval results of 11 languages and a new classification for keyword management methods are also presented.FindingsThe main results of the paper are an overall comparison of reductive and generative keyword management methods in terms of retrieval effectiveness and other broader criteria.Originality/valueThe paper is of value to anyone who wants to get an overall picture of keyword management techniques used in IR.

New Classification of Gemstone Colours

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
K. F. Chudoba
Keyword(s):  
New Classification
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