What should we do about the employment of women with children in Russia? The role of preschool educational institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Author(s):  
D. P. Kolesnik ◽  
A. A. Pestova ◽  
A. G. Donina
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Flexible Schedule ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Tight Correlation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Preschool Enrollment

The paper examines the opportunities and obstacles to increasing the employment of women with children in Russia. There is a tight correlation between Russia’s lagging behind in the share of working women with children under the age of three and a lack of supply of preschool and childcare institutions. Using quantitative analysis of the Russian regions, we show that the expansion of the supply of preschool education services is associated with an increase in the employment of women, and the cost of introducing additional places in preschool organizations is recouped by additional tax revenues from working women with children in two years. Our cross-country analysis shows that the transition from traditional gender and social roles to more equal ones, the reduction of gender inequality, the encouragement of fathers to take parental leave, and the increased availability of part-time or flexible-schedule employment for women with children could further facilitate the employment of women with children. Our estimates show that an increase of preschool enrollment in Russia to the level of European countries would materialize a sizable economic growth potential: an increase in income per capita would be 3.5%.

What should we do about the employment of women with children in Russia? The role of preschool educational institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Author(s):  
D. P. Kolesnik ◽  
A. A. Pestova ◽  
A. G. Donina
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Flexible Schedule ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Tight Correlation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Preschool Enrollment

The paper examines the opportunities and obstacles to increasing the employment of women with children in Russia. There is a tight correlation between Russia’s lagging behind in the share of working women with children under the age of three and a lack of supply of preschool and childcare institutions. Using quantitative analysis of the Russian regions, we show that the expansion of the supply of preschool education services is associated with an increase in the employment of women, and the cost of introducing additional places in preschool organizations is recouped by additional tax revenues from working women with children in two years. Our cross-country analysis shows that the transition from traditional gender and social roles to more equal ones, the reduction of gender inequality, the encouragement of fathers to take parental leave, and the increased availability of part-time or flexible-schedule employment for women with children could further facilitate the employment of women with children. Our estimates show that an increase of preschool enrollment in Russia to the level of European countries would materialize a sizable economic growth potential: an increase in income per capita would be 3.5%.

scholarly journals Kobiety na szwedzkim rynku pracy - uwarunkowania wysokiej aktywności zawodowej i wyzwania na przyszłość

2015 ◽  
pp. 193-225
Author(s):  
Hanna Kądziela
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Employment Of Women

For many years Sweden remained a world leader in the employment of women, regardless of their age and responsibilities associated with raising children or caring for the elderly. This article analyses three groups of factors that influence the effectiveness of the Swedish policy in this regard: 1) strategic, i.e. the consistent and coherent policy on equal opportunities for women and men and the reconciliation of work and private life, 2) cultural attitudes and preferences that shape the behaviour of individuals in the family and on the labour market, and 3) institutional, particularly care of dependent persons. The picture would be incomplete, however, without looking at the problems remaining to be solved in such areas as high proportion of women in part-time work, the pay gap or insufficient interest of men in using parental leave.

Parental Leave: The Need for a National Policy to Foster Sexual Equality

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-104
Author(s):  
Scott A. Caplan-Cotenoff
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Sexual Equality ◽  
Pregnancy Discrimination ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
The U.S

AbstractWorking women are without substantial protection from the ramifications of pregnancy discrimination, and the opportunities for working men to take leave from work to participate in child care are limited. Recently, private businesses have begun implementing maternity or parental leave policies to address these problems. These policies are inconsistent, however, and a national parental leave program is needed to help women attain equal access to jobs and to provide men with the opportunity to participate in child care.This Note examines the historical background of pregnancy discrimination litigation and legislation, and highlights the gaps in the protection currently afforded women. It suggests that a federal parental leave policy may expand the scope of this protection, and attempts to gain insight and draw conclusions from analogous parental leave programs in foreign countries which may be used as models for a national program in the U.S. Such a program would benefit parents, children, and society by removing some of the obstacles to sexual equality.

Collectieve immuniteit voor emancipatiebeleid

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Bommer
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Personal Beliefs ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Economic Motives

Collective immunity to emancipation policy Collective immunity to emancipation policy Through qualitative research it will be identified how part-time working mothers are related to the current emancipation debate. Increase in employment participation as a policy goal, has become dominant in the emancipation policy of the Cabinet in recent years. That women with children now largely work part-time does not ensure the economic independence, which the Cabinet and feminists had in mind. Research from Portegijs and Keuzekamp (2008) has shown that women follow their personal beliefs regarding the performance of the childcare role. That stimulating Cabinet measures are not heard by part-time working women, is a sign that the emancipation policy does not adequately meet the needs of women themselves. Economic motives count limited for the choice of women to provide care. Idealistic motives are decisive. The importance of a proper development of children is their first concern.

Day Care for Sick Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-598
Author(s):  
NEAL R. WEINBERG
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Home Care Services ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Full Agreement ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
The Cost

To the Editor.— Dr Sterne's commentary (Pediatrics 1987;79:445-446) on day care for sick children presented a succinct summary of the dilemmas faced by working parents and the current options available to them when their children are ill. I am in full agreement that ideally there should be liberalized parental leave policies as well as improved understanding and acceptance of certain minor illnesses by existing day-care centers. However, because of the cost, it is doubtful that corporations can or will pay for home care services, which are twice as costly as an infirmary model, or will they be willing to grant additional paid days off to parents.

scholarly journals Relationships between informal caregiving, health and work in the Health and Employment After Fifty study, England 

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-806
Author(s):  
E Clare Harris ◽  
Stefania D’Angelo ◽  
Holly E Syddall ◽  
Cathy Linaker ◽  
Cyrus Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Need Support ◽  
Work Health ◽  
Part Time ◽  
General Practices

Abstract Background To investigate the prevalence of caregiving and its relationship with work, health and socio-economic circumstances in the Health and Employment After Fifty (HEAF) study. Methods The HEAF study comprises 8134 men and women aged 50–64 years recruited from 24 general practices. Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics and hours per week giving personal care were elicited by postal questionnaire. Objective clinical information about diagnoses/medications was retrieved from health records. Work-related and health risk factors for intense caring responsibilities (≥20 h/week vs. no hours) were explored using logistic regression with adjustment for age and social class. Results In all, 644 (17%) men and 1153 (26%) women reported caring responsibilities, of whom 93 and 199 were intense caregivers, who were more likely to be socio-economically disadvantaged; less likely to be working and, if combining caring with working (41 men and 90 women), more likely to be part-time/working shifts, than non-carers. Men caring ≥20 h/week were more likely to have COPD and to report musculoskeletal pain, poor/fair self-rated health, depression and sleep problems. Among working women, caring ≥20 h/week was associated with these same health outcomes and also with a doctor-diagnosed mental health problem or musculoskeletal pain in the previous year. Conclusions Caregiving is common and unequal in the HEAF cohort, with more high-intensity informal care provided by those with greater levels of socio-economic deprivation, which could affect their employment and health. Caregivers need support to lead long, healthy lives, rather than becoming care needers themselves. Employers and governments need to take caregiving into account and support it actively.

scholarly journals Working-Class Standards of living in Three Lancashire Towns, 1890–1914

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

This article examines some aspects of working-class standards of living in three Lancashire towns, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster and Preston, in the period 1890 to 1914. By looking on one hand at a number of externally determined factors, such as real wages and the cost of living, and on the other at the strategies with which the working-class families attempted to maximise their standards of living, an assessment is made of the relative success of these various strategies, particularly at periods when wages were on or below the poverty line. Particular stress is laid on evidence from Preston, in part because it has not previously been reported, but also because there appear to be a number of significant variations between Preston on the one hand, and Barrow and Lancaster on the other, when placed in apparently similar intrinsic conditions and in comparatively close geographical proximity to each other. These variations underline the extent to which generalisations derived principally from statistical data may be misleading, and also the importance of looking at individual discrete communities before relying on theoretical models of the relationship between, for example, income from primary employment and standards of living. If it is possible to demonstrate that working-class people in some towns were more successful than their near neighbours in combating poverty, we need to identify the reasons for these differences. Factors discussed include the economy of Preston compared with Barrow and Lancaster, comparisons of wage rates, the employment of women and its effects, and diets (including the use of allotments), the effects of drinking, as well as a look at possible negative factors, such as family size, and housing and hygiene.

Labour reform will unlock Japan's growth potential

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Job Prospects

Subject The Abe government's economic policy. Significance Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has unveiled several extensive economic policy proposals, including a new set of 'three arrows' that was quickly dubbed 'Abenomics 2.0'. Media paid little attention to the new policy proposals, focusing instead on Abe's decision to postpone the consumption tax increase scheduled for next April until October 2019. Impacts Parliament is likely to raise the minimum wage 3% during its next session, with similar rises in the future. Reducing the gap between regular and non-regular workers would transform the labour market, benefiting young, elderly and female workers. Improved job prospects for women would boost fertility by increasing family income and raising women's bargaining power within the family. Extending government welfare schemes to part-time and non-regular workers would add flexibility to labour markets and improve productivity.

Agricultural Seasonalily and the Organization of Manufacturing in Early Industrial Economies: The Contrast Between England and the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Sokoloff ◽  
David Dollar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Employment Of Women

The greater flexibility associated with workers being able to choose the time and circumstance of their work allowed cottage manufacture to compete with technically more productive manufactories by rendering it more effective at harnessing a part time or offpeak workforce whose opportunity cost was low. Not only did this mean that cottage manufacture was better suited to the employment of women and children, who preferred flexibility in their hours and place of work, but also that the greater seasonality of labor supply in England led that economy to rely more on cottage manufacturing than did the United States during early industrialization.

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