scholarly journals Best Practice for the Care and Use of Animals in Experimentation: A Malaysian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Arif Fahmi Md Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
International Level ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Federal Laws

Passing federal laws and national guidelines is one of the best revenues to protect animals used in experimentation. The laws can establish standards of care for animals in scientific research such as housing standards and treatment for the animals. At international level, animal ethics and law for the care and use of animal in experimentation have been widely discussed for decades ago. There are several well-known international documents and guidelines that have been referred by many countries when constructing their own federal laws governing the subject matter. They are Terrestrial Code, European Directives, and International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. In Malaysia, the Animal Welfare Act 2015 finally has been enforced on 18th July 2017 where the Act among others will regulate the use of animal for scientific purposes in the country. Besides, it will validate the practice of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) which was based on self-regulation before the enactment of the Act and the Act is significant of having legal enforcement in order to give better protection to the animals subjected to experimentation. Thus, the law has taken its role in enhancing the animal ethics for the care and use of animal in science in Malaysia. This paper aims to analyses the provisions of law in several international documents governing the subject matter that reflect the international practice. Then it will look into the practice of research institutions in Malaysia, applying the existing animal ethics and law in the subject matter. This paper adopts doctrinal approach considering primary and secondary sources of law. Relevant to this, Animal Welfare Act 2015 (AWA) and Malaysian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (My Code) are analysed. Besides, it also employed empirical study by way of interviews and observation. This paper is significant to inform the practice of animal ethics at international level to be learned by Malaysia as the country is still at an early stage of having the new Act.

scholarly journals Engineer Experts - The Attorneys Viewpoint

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Worrall
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
The Subject

It has been said that attorneys are totally and wonderfully ignorant - and thus are fully dependent upon the witnesses, the records, and the experts to provide them with the wherewithal to present their case for decision. The witnesses and records are taken as they exist - the expert, however, provides the attorneys an opportunity to sift and analyze the facts and come to a clear understanding of the case. Litigation today is often complex or at least involves a subtle nuance beyond the ken of the layman. To meet the complexities or nuances, the attorney must be able to utilize the assistance of that group of people generically known as experts, people having special skills and knowledge, gained through education and experience, which skills and knowledge are relevant to the subject matter at hand. The good attorney will attempt to analyze his case at an early stage to ascertain what, if any, expert assistance is needed. The task is to define the type of expert to be used. The

The Spirit of the Canon Law and its Application in England

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Conference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
Christian Society

The word Canon means a rule or norm and it was used at quite an early stage of the Church's history to denote both general principles governing the life of the Christian society and particular enactments of Christian assemblies. The subject matter of the canons is as wide as the life of the Church itself and consequently very varied in its nature. At one end of its range it is concerned with matters fundamental to the Church's existence such as the creeds and sacraments. At the other it deals with practical arrangements such as the ownership and use of buildings. At a recent conference with German Lutherans I was asked whether the canon law was jus divinum or jus humanum, and I felt bound to reply. ‘Both’, because of this wide range which stretches from revelation to convenience.

scholarly journals CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES ON THE QUALIFICATION OF POST-CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Legal Assessment ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
The Subject

The paper is focused on studying such a category of modern criminal law of Ukraine as “qualification of post-criminal behavior”. It has been noted that it reflects the sequence, procedure and consequences of the criminal assessment of the actions or omission of a person after the committed crime, which are not covered by corpus delicti of the committed crime. The authors have stated that post-criminal behavior, along with criminal behavior (a crime), is now included into the structure of the subject matter of criminal law. Therefore, persons carrying out legal enforcement must be properly aware of the specifics of its legal assessment. Post-criminal behavior (for example, evasion of court hearings, person’s active repentance, compliance with or violation of admission by bail conditions or probation conditions, conscientious conduct, reconciliation with the victim, etc.) can be both positive, and negative. The first entails favorable criminal consequences for the person who committed the crime in the form of abolishing or reducing the restrictions of his or her rights and freedoms caused by the crime commission. The second, entails additional such restrictions or deprivation of certain rights within criminal relations. It has been stated that the issues of qualification of post-criminal behavior of a person have not been developed by legal science yet. It has been offered to apply the theory of qualification of a crime in this field of research. Typical stages and phases of post-criminal behavior qualification have been determined. The qualification of post-criminal behavior has been defined as establishment of the identity of actions or omission of a person after committing a crime to the features of post-criminal behavior’s corpus delicti, set in the disposition of the relevant norm of the Criminal Code, and adopting an act, which establishes such identity and determines the possibility of applying criminal consequences to a person provided by such norm.

scholarly journals On some International Regulations in Gaius’s Institutes

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-119
Author(s):  
Izabela Leraczyk
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Private Law ◽  
International Level ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

The subject matter of the article concerns international regulations mentioned by Gaius in his Institutes. The work under discussion, which is also a textbook for students of law, refers in several fragments to the institutions respected at the international level – the status of the Latins, peregrini dediticii and sponsio, contracted at the international arena. The references made by Gaius to the above institutions was aimed at comparing them to private-law solutions, which was intended to facilitate understanding of the norms relating to individuals that were comprised in his work.

scholarly journals BOA v WADA: Harmonisation v Self-Regulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-176
Author(s):  
Gregory Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Sports Law ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
The Subject

The area of anti-doping in sport has always been fascinating, exciting, as well as complicated and controversial. The two latter aspects have been entrenched, in case law and statutory law and the highest Court in sport, namely the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), in Lausanne, Switzerland. This court has had the opportunity to develop important principles of sports law. One of these principles is the subject matter of the present case commentary and relates to the principle of self-regulation. In other words, it examines the ability of sporting governing bodies to regulate their sport and concentrates on the legality of such self-regulation. In doing so, this case commentary will also examine the particular importance sports law jurisprudence attaches on the contractual relationship between sporting governing bodies and athletes. Such analysis should help readers understand the nature of regulation in sport, as well as the reasoning behind the decision of the Court of Arbitration for Sport in the case under analysis.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

The Taxonomic Structuring of Medical Information and its Usefulness in this Form

1965 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zinsser
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Central Core ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Programmed Instruction ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
The Subject

An outline has been presented in historical fashion of the steps devised to organize the central core of medical information allowing the subject matter, the patient, to define the nature and the progression of the diseases from which he suffers, with and without therapy; and approaches have been made to organize this information in such fashion as to align the definitions in orderly fashion to teach both diagnostic strategy and the content of the diseases by programmed instruction.

Institutional Specifics of Business Self-regulation

2003 ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Obydenov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Voluntary Membership ◽  
Sufficient Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Object Of Control ◽  
Self Enforcement

Self-regulation appears to be a special institution where economic actors establish their own rules of economic activity for themselves in a specific business field. At the same time they are the object of control within these rules and the subject of legal management of the controller. Self-regulation contains necessary prerequisites for fundamental resolution of the problem of "controlling the controller". The necessary and sufficient set of five self-regulation organization functions provides efficiency of self-regulation as the institutional arrangement. The voluntary membership in a self-regulation organization is essential for ensuring self-enforcement of institutional arrangement of self-regulation.

العربية المقاربة المقاصديّة في ردّ ابن فودي على القادح في جلستهم الدعويّة

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alawiye Abdulmumin Abdurrazzaq ◽  
Ahmad Wifaq Mokhtar ◽  
Abdul Manan Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Subject

This article is aimed to examine the extent of the application of Islamic legal objectives by Sheikh Abdullah bn Fudi in his rejoinder against one of their contemporary scholars who accused them of being over-liberal about the religion. He claimed that there has been a careless intermingling of men and women in the preaching and counselling gathering they used to hold, under the leadership of Sheikh Uthman bn Fudi (the Islamic reformer of the nineteenth century in Nigeria and West Africa). Thus, in this study, the researchers seek to answer the following interrogations: who was Abdullah bn Fudi? who was their critic? what was the subject matter of the criticism? How did the rebutter get equipped with some guidelines of higher objectives of Sharĩʻah in his rejoinder to the critic? To this end, this study had tackled the questions afore-stated by using inductive, descriptive and analytical methods to identify the personalities involved, define and analyze some concepts and matters considered as the hub of the study.

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