scholarly journals A Taxonomy for the Social Agents of Scientific Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Nicholas Overgaard
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Epistemic Communities ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Social Agent ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

Although we accept that a scientific mosaic is a set of theories and methods accepted and employed by a scientific community, scientific community currently lacks a proper definition in scientonomy. In this paper, I will outline a basic taxonomy for the bearers of a mosaic, i.e. the social agents of scientific change. I begin by differentiating between accidental group and community through the respective absence and presence of a collective intentionality. I then identify two subtypes of community: the epistemic community that has a collective intentionality to know the world, and the non-epistemic community that does not have such a collective intentionality. I note that both epistemic and non-epistemic communities might bear mosaics, but that epistemic communities are the intended social agents of scientific change because their main collective intentionality is to know the world and, in effect, to change their mosaics. I conclude my paper by arguing we are not currently in a position to properly define scientific community per se because of the risk of confusing pseudoscientific communities with scientific communities. However, I propose that we can for now rely on the definition of epistemic community as the proper social agent of scientific change.Suggested Modifications[Sciento-2017-0012]: Accept the following taxonomy of group, accidental group, and community:Group ≡ two or more people who share any characteristic.Accidental group ≡ a group that does not have a collective intentionality.Community ≡ a group that has a collective intentionality. [Sciento-2017-0013]: Provided that the preceding modification [Sciento-2017-0012] is accepted, accept that communities can consist of other communities.[Sciento-2017-0014]: Provided that modification [Sciento-2017-0012] is accepted, accept the following definitions of epistemic community and non-epistemic community as subtypes of community:Epistemic community ≡ a community that has a collective intentionality to know the world.Non-epistemic community ≡ a community that does not have a collective intentionality to know the world.[Sciento-2017-0015]: Provideed that modification [Sciento-2017-0013] and [Sciento-2017-0014] are accepted, accept that a non-epistemic community can consist of epistemic communities.

SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF RITUAL: SOME REFLECTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Zh.K. Madalieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Real World ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses in detail the essence and meaning of ritual as a social action. The study of the nature of this phenomenon involves, first of all, the study of various approaches to the definition of the concept of "ritual" and related phenomena. Analyzing the existing definitions, the author comes to the conclusion that "ritual" is a certain set of actions that have symbolic meaning. The symbolism of the ritual is manifested in its connecting role with the world of the sacred, sacred. The article emphasizes that in the consciousness of a person in a traditional society, the sacred world is present in the real world through ritual. As an archaic form of culture, ritual was also a way of regulating and maintaining collective life. The ritual served as a means of integrating and maintaining the integrity of the human community, giving it stability. Therefore, the article focuses on the social functions of the ritual in both public and individual life.

scholarly journals The ethics of absolute relativity: An eschatological ontological model for interpreting the Sermon on the Mount

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Van Oudtshoorn
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction Of Reality ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The World ◽  
Everyday World ◽  
Ontological Model ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

Jesus� imperatives in the Sermon on the Mount continue to play a significant role in Christian ethical discussions. The tension between the radical demands of Jesus and the impossibility of living this out within the everyday world has been noted by many scholars. In this article, an eschatological-ontological model, based on the social construction of reality, is developed to show that this dialectic is not necessarily an embarrassment to the church but, instead, belongs to the essence of the church as the recipient of the Spirit of Christ and as called by him to exist now in terms of the coming new age that has already been realised in Christ. The absolute demands of Jesus� imperatives, it is argued, must relativise all other interpretations of reality whilst the world, in turn, relativises Jesus� own definition of what �is� and therefore also the injunctions to his disciples on how to live within this world. This process of radical relativisation provides a critical framework for Christian living. The church must expect, and do, the impossible within this world through her faith in Christ who recreates and redefines reality. The church�s ethical task, it is further argued, is to participate with the Spirit in the construction of signs of this new reality in Christ in this world through her actions marked by faith, hope and love.

What is formative education in modern secondary vocational education?

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
В. И. Блинов ◽  
Е. Ю. Есенина ◽  
Н. Ф. Родичев ◽  
И. С. Сергеев
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Scientific Pedagogical

Статья посвящена проблематике воспитания в современном профессиональном образова- нии: постановке целей и созданию условий для их достижения. Цель работы — первичный эмпирический анализ причин повышенного интереса к воспитательной деятельности в со- временной России со стороны различных субъектов. Выводы носят промежуточный характер и состоят в констатации задач предстоящего исследования. Теоретическая значимость рабо- ты состоит в обосновании тезиса о диалектическом единстве интенционального и экстенци- онального компонентов воспитания. Практическую ценность представляет характеристика особенностей современной цифровой эпохи, в рамках которой выстраивается воспитатель- ный процесс в СПО, и определение комплекса условий, при которых он становится успешным. В статье по-новому трактуются задачи воспитания и определяются пути их решения в кон- тексте социального договора, основными участниками которого выступают научно-педаго- гические и практические работники системы СПО, работодатели, государство, родительская общественность. Работа адресована федеральным и региональным органам власти в сфере образования, профессионально-педагогическому и научному сообществу СПО. The article is devoted to the problems of formative education in modern vocational education: setting goals and creating conditions for their achievement. The aim of the work is a primary empirical analysis of the reasons for the increased interest in educational activities in modern Russia on the part of various subjects. The conclusions are intermediate and consist in stating the objectives of the upcoming study. The work’s theoretical significance consists of the substantiation of the thesis about the dialectical unity of the intentional and extensional components of education. Of practical value is the characteristic of the features of the modern digital age, within which the educational process in the secondary school is built, and the definition of a set of conditions under which it becomes successful. The article interprets the tasks of education in a new way and defines how to solve them in the context of the social contract, the main participants of which are scientific, pedagogical and practical workers of the SVE system, employers, the state, and the parent community. The work is addressed to the federal and regional authorities in education, the professional-pedagogical and scientific community of SVE.

scholarly journals The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

What is the work of economics? How does it operate to establish facts and make them stable? Is it sometimes able to use the world as a laboratory? If so, what measures are necessary to organize the world as a laboratory for economic experiments? To what extent do these measures rely upon the efforts of nonacademic economists, and of other social agents and arrangements including think tanks, government policies, development programs, NGOs, and social movements? A recent “natural experiment” using the social world as a laboratory, carried out in Peru, produced remarkable results, enthusiastically received by economists in the United States and by international development agencies. The paper examines the work of organizing the socio-technical world required to produce this knowledge, the curious kind of facts that were produced, the connections among those involved in this work, in particular the organized work of the neoliberal movement, and the role of the new facts in making possible further efforts at economic experimentation.

If...Then

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taina Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social World ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Ranking Data ◽  
Relational Agency ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Definition Of

IF … THEN provides an account of power and politics in the algorithmic media landscape that pays attention to the multiple realities of algorithms, and how these relate and coexist. The argument is made that algorithms do not merely have power and politics; they help to produce certain forms of acting and knowing in the world. In processing, classifying, sorting, and ranking data, algorithms are political in that they help to make the world appear in certain ways rather than others. Analyzing Facebook’s news feed, social media user’s everyday encounters with algorithmic systems, and the discourses and work practices of news professionals, the book makes a case for going beyond the narrow, technical definition of algorithms as step-by-step procedures for solving a problem in a finite number of steps. Drawing on a process-relational theoretical framework and empirical data from field observations and fifty-five interviews, the author demonstrates how algorithms exist in multiple ways beyond code. The analysis is concerned with the world-making capacities of algorithms, questioning how algorithmic systems shape encounters and orientations of different kinds, and how these systems are endowed with diffused personhood and relational agency. IF … THEN argues that algorithmic power and politics is neither about algorithms determining how the social world is fabricated nor about what algorithms do per se. Rather it is about how and when different aspects of algorithms and the algorithmic become available to specific actors, under what circumstance, and who or what gets to be part of how algorithms are defined.

Interconnection of Class and Race with Capitalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 36-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Brabec
Keyword(s):  
Social Identities ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Laboring Class ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Capitalist Control

Abstract This article focuses on the interconnection of class and race with capitalism. First it presents a definition of capitalism and its attitude towards civil statuses and exploitation. Secondly, it analyzes the origins of racism in capitalism despite its emphasis on freedom and equality, and its indifference to the social identities of the people it exploits. Consequently, it examines racial oppression as a strategy for capitalist control of the laboring class. In the end it focuses on the very important distinction between oppression and exploitation. These distinct relations also have very different impact on the behavior of social agents and groups, their life opportunities and forms of social conflict. If we want to understand how racial hierarchies reproduce capitalist class relations, we have to understand the basic requirements of class relations and capitalist reproduction itself.

scholarly journals Should Corporate Social Responsibility Around The World be Mandatory or Voluntary?

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 169-193
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alwasmi ◽  
Ahmad Alderbas
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Corporate Social

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an idea that has grown during the last three decades from the voluntary activity of business firms into a debate about whether CSR should be mandated by law because of the increased demand from society. Further, it has been argued that business corporations are owned by their shareholders, and the managers must concentrate on maximizing the wealth of their shareholders and not of the community. To determine how better to apply CSR, this paper begins with looking at the evolution of CSR as a system around the world and then discusses the definition of CSR. In addition, this paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of implementing voluntary CSR and then explores mandatory CSR. Moreover, in this paper, it is found that determining the proper CSR system depends on many factors in each country, such as the social, economic and legal factors that should be examined before applying mandatory or voluntary CSR.

scholarly journals Definition and classification of crime for calculation of its social consequences (cost)

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Pavel Sergeevich Mordovin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Cost Of Crime ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

The scientific community still does not have uniformity with regards to the definition of crime, although this concept is crucial in criminology, without which the existence and development of this science is impossible. Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon; thus, its examination within the framework of a single science does not reflect all of the aspects. The author examines various existing approaches towards the definition of crime; analyzes the concepts of natural criminal and the counter-theories. The question of the immanence of crime is explored. However, it does not seem possible to determine the only reasonable viewpoint and deny the rational kernel of other approaches. The analysis of the existing concepts and approaches towards definition of crime once again demonstrates the controversy of the question. Therefore, the analysis of opinions allows concluding on the need for classification crime, including via specific understanding of this concept. Such classification sufficiently reflects the extent of current public awareness of the criminal law, while retaining semantic load from the perspective of criminology. It also prompts the development of research on the social consequences (cost) of crime, since namely this approach seems logical for calculation of the social consequences (cost) of crime.

Considerations for Development of Probabilistic Assessments for Nuclear Systems and Components

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Pandey ◽  
Bogdan Wasiluk
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Nuclear Systems ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The risk-informed approach has been increasingly utilized by the nuclear industry and the regulators in Canada and around the world. This involves the assessment of plant risk and the considerations for defence-in-depth, safety margin and other nuclear safety principles. The estimates of reliability metric have been commonly obtained using probabilistic methods that involve distributed inputs. While the engineering focus has typically been on finding a solution for a specific problem, the scientific community and the regulators are concerned with generic principles, foundation of probabilistic approaches and definition of reliability metric used in the assessment. In this paper, the concept of a time-dependent reliability framework is discussed to facilitate selecting the appropriate approach to meet, in principle, the assessment intent. In the end, any probabilistic assessment should be fundamentally meaningful, consistent and transparent to inspire confidence in the public and the regulators.

Digital and Inter-Generational Divide

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Paolo Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Digital Natives ◽  
Digital Immigrants ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of

Digital divide can be considered a macro economical index representing the social differences and the separation between the North and the South of the world. Since the first definition of digital divide, it has been shown that it is also a great and unrecognized problem in the developed countries, especially in the field of education. “Digital disconnection” is a key problem for School and University as institutions. In this paper, the above questions are widely analyzed with a special attention on the spreading gap between digital natives (i.e., young students), and digital immigrants (i.e., parents, teachers and policymakers in the school).

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