THE IMPACT OF THE ACQUISITION OF THE LETTERS IN A SYSTEMATIC LITERACY ON WRITING SKILLS

Learning letters is associated with a long-term learning. Two basic models are present in obtaining letters in a systematic literacy in Slovenia and abroad. One represents a separate acquisition of the uppercase and lowercase printed letters (sequentially) and the other deals with letters simultaneously. In practice, teachers often asked themselves, especially in times of reforms in literacy, which model of the acquisition of the letters in initial literacy is more efficient. The research focused on the effect of the two most frequently chosen procedures for acquiring letters of structured literacy in Slovenia, namely the simultaneous treatment of the uppercase and lowercase printed letters (lowercase cursive letters and upper-case cursive letters) and consecutive treatment of letters (uppercase printed letters, lowercase printed letters, lowercase cursive letters, and at last, uppercase printed letters). Furthermore, the focus of the research was on the impact of gender on the ability to write. The incidence of errors was observed in terms of selected procedures for acquiring the letters in groups and gender. At the same time, the effect of consolidation of writing individual letters (uppercase and lowercase printed letters in 2nd class, and lowercase and uppercase cursive letters in 3rd class), was examined. Key words: literacy, the process of acquiring letters, 2nd class, 3rd class, prior knowledge, writing skills.

Download Full-text

Mandatory Reporting and Adolescent Sexual Assault

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/15248380211030239 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152483802110302

Author(s):

Caroline Bailey ◽

Jessica Shaw ◽

Abril Harris

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Key Words ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Well Being ◽

Mandatory Reporting ◽

Age Group ◽

Long Term Consequences ◽

The Impact

Adolescents experience alarmingly high rates of sexual violence, higher than any other age-group. This is concerning as sexual violence can have detrimental effects on teens’ personal and relational well-being, causing long-term consequences for the survivor. Still, adolescents are hesitant to report the assault or seek out services and resources. When an adolescent survivor does seek out services, they may interact with a provider who is a mandatory reporter. This scoping review sought to synthesize the current U.S.-based research on the role, challenges, and impact of mandatory reporting (MR) in the context of adolescent sexual assault. Database searches using key words related to MR, sexual assault, and adolescence identified 29 peer-reviewed articles. However, none of these articles reported on empirical investigations of the phenomenon of interest and instead consisted of case studies, commentaries, and position papers. The scoping review was expanded to provide a lay of the land of what we know about the intersection of adolescent sexual assault and MR. Results of the review indicate that though implemented broadly, MR policies vary between individuals, organizations, and states and have historically been challenging to implement due to this variation, conflicts with other laws, tension between these policies and providers’ values, and other factors. Based on the available literature, the impact of MR in the context of adolescent sexual assault is unknown. There is a critical need for research and evaluation on the implementation and impact of MR policies, especially in the context of adolescents and sexual violence.

Download Full-text

Impact of Frailty on Medical and Long-Term Care Expenditures for the Elderly Age 75 or Over in Japan

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.569 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 176-176

Author(s):

Hiroto Yoshida ◽

Yuriko Kihara

Keyword(s):

Long Term Care ◽

The Elderly ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Term Care ◽

Intentional Weight Loss ◽

Long Term Care Insurance ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Abstract This study examined the impact of frailty on medical and long-term care expenditures in an older Japanese population. The subjects were those aged 75 years and over who responded to the survey (March 2018) in Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan (n=1,203) and have never received certification of long-term care insurance at the survey. We followed up 867 individuals (72.1%) until the end of December 2018 (10 month-period). We defined frailty as a state in performing 4 items and over of 15 items which were composed of un-intentional weight loss, history of falls, etc. Among 867 subjects, 233 subjects (26.9%) were judged to be frailty group, and 634 subjects (73.1%) non-frailty group. We compared period to the new certification of long-term care insurance (LTCI), accumulated medical and long-term care expenditures adjusted for age and gender between the two groups during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between baseline frailty and the new certification of LTCI. The relative hazard ratio (HR) was higher in frailty group than non-frailty group (HR=3.51, 95% CI：1.30-9.45, P=.013). The adjusted mean accumulated medical and long-term care expenditures per capita during the follow-up were significantly (P=.002) larger for those in the frailty group (629,699 yen), while those in the non-frailty group were 450,995 yen. We confirmed strong economic impact of frailty in the elderly aged 75 or over in Japan.

Download Full-text

Future Costs of Long-term Care in Japan and Sweden

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.1177/0020731417727450 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 128-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mårten Lagergren ◽

Noriko Kurube ◽

Yasuhiko Saito

Keyword(s):

Long Term Care ◽

Population Change ◽

Population Aging ◽

Population Data ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

The Other ◽

Age Group ◽

Term Care ◽

And Gender

Population aging is expected to increase long-term care (LTC) costs in both Japan and Sweden. This study projected LTC costs for 2010 through 2040 for different assumptions of population change, LTC need by age group and gender, and LTC provided per level of need and cost in Japan and Sweden. Population data were taken from the official national forecasts. Needs projections were based on epidemiological data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. Data on LTC provision by need and cost were taken from nine Japanese municipalities collected by assessments in the LTC insurance system and from surveys in eight Swedish municipalities. Total initial costs were calibrated to official national figures. Two projections based on two different scenarios were made for each country from 2010 to 2040. The first scenario assumed a constant level of need for LTC by age group and gender, and the other assumed a continuation of the present LTC need trends until 2025. For Japan, this resulted in a projected cost increase of 93% for the one and 80% for the other; for Sweden it was 52% and 24%, respectively. The results reflected differences in population aging and health development.

Download Full-text

The features landscape structure by the national park Ugra (Kaluga region)

Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography ◽

10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1305 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 168-172

Author(s):

Ilariya Kashutyna ◽

Olga Stepochkyna

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Landscape Structure ◽

National Park ◽

Soil Cover ◽

The Other ◽

Long Term Conditions ◽

Parent Rocks ◽

Kaluga Region ◽

The One

Landscape structure is considered forests of the national park «Ugra» Kaluga region. Are identified relationships between location, which is determined by the shape mesorelief and composition of the top layer of soil-forming rocks - on the one hand, and long-term conditions of vegetation and soil - on the other. Key words: structure of forest landscapes, location, long-term condition, mesorelief, parent rocks, vegetation, soil cover.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Past Pandemics on Economic and Gender Inequalities

10.31219/osf.io/zc8gy ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michal Brzezinski

Keyword(s):

Gender Inequality ◽

Wealth Inequality ◽

The Other ◽

Swine Flu ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

The Past ◽

Cross Country ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

This paper estimates how previous major pandemic events affected economic and gender inequalities in the short- to medium run. We consider the impact of six major pandemic episodes – H3N2 Flu (1968), SARS (2003), H1N1 Swine Flu (2009), MERS (2012), Ebola (2014), and Zika (2016) – on cross-country inequalities in a sample of up to 180 countries observed over 1950-2019. Results show that the past pandemics have moderately increased income inequality in the affected countries in the period of four to five years after the pandemic’s start. On the other hand, we do not find any robust negative impacts on wealth inequality. The results concerning gender inequality are less consistent, but we find some evidence of declining gender equality among the hardest hit countries, as well as of growing gender gaps in unemployment within the four years after the onset of the pandemic.

Download Full-text

Economic complexity and price competitiveness dependence: empirical evidence using panel models

International Journal of Development Issues ◽

10.1108/ijdi-07-2021-0141 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Guilherme Magacho ◽

Rafael Ribeiro ◽

Igor Rocha

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Output Growth ◽

The Other ◽

Content Type ◽

Price Competitiveness ◽

Economic Complexity ◽

Other Hand ◽

The Impact

Purpose As economies with high economic complexity and productive capabilities may easily adapt their productive structure due to product differentiation and innovation, the central variable of competitiveness for these countries is the product quality, not price. On the other hand, the price can be an important determinant of less complex countries, and hence, real exchange rate (RER) misalignments may have long-term impacts. This paper aims to empirically assess variations in the magnitude of the impact in RER misalignments on output growth subject to countries’ economic complexity. Design/methodology/approach The estimation technique used is the generalized method of moments-System estimator as this method is robust to reverse causality. Heterogeneous regressions using interaction models are undertaken to analyze to what extend promoting economic complexity can reduce price competitiveness dependence and allow countries to grow faster without relying on cost competitiveness. Findings Estimates show that economic complexity (which measures technological and productive capabilities) determines cross-country differences regarding the effects of RER misalignments on countries’ long-term growth rates. The results suggest that exchange rate devaluations may not be effective for countries at the top end of the technological ladder while an overvalued RER may damage the long-term growth rate of countries with low levels of economic complexity. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by empirically investigating the impact of RER misalignments in countries with distinct technological and productive capabilities based on the recent developments of countries’ economic complexity analysis. It investigates whether more diversified and complex economies are less sensitive to RER misalignments as they can adapt their production, undertake other tasks, create new products and increase the quality of products they produce. Less complex economies, on the other hand, are less capable of innovating because it demands productive capabilities they do not have, and hence, they are more dependent on their current export basket.

Download Full-text

The Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains

10.4018/978-1-7998-9140-6.ch009 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 185-202

Author(s):

Ana Paula Lopes

Keyword(s):

Supply Chains ◽

Consumer Demand ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

The Other ◽

Operational Decisions ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

The World ◽

Containment Measures ◽

The Impact

As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, the existence of disruptions in demand and supply have become more severe, conducted by containment measures taken by countries and affecting different sectors around the world. Although businesses and workplaces are restarting activities in some countries, with containment measures gradually being lifted, overall consumer demand is expected to remain low, also determined by the loss of jobs and income. Therefore, the scale of the impact on supply chains exceeded anything most companies had anticipated. This study aims to understand how companies were affected and identify some lessons learned about their vulnerabilities and the possible ways to address them in the long term. On the other hand, it is intended to reveal some of the impacts of COVID-19 and make some practical suggestions that can help in political and operational decisions to strengthen and build additional resilience in supply chains in the future.

Download Full-text

Impact of long-term supplementation of zinc and selenium on their content in blood and hair in goats

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1581-vetmed ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 63-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

L. Pavlata ◽

M. Chomat ◽

A. Pechova ◽

L. Misurova ◽

R. Dvorak

Keyword(s):

Blood Plasma ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Average Concentration ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Selenium Yeast ◽

Hair Samples ◽

The Impact ◽

Se Status

This paper evaluates the impact of long-term supplementation of different forms of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on the content of these substances in the blood and hair of goats. Two analogous supplementation experiments were performed. 37 goats divided into four groups were used in the first trial with the Zn supplementation. Group A (n = 10) was a control group (with no Zn administered). A further three groups (B, C, D) were supplemented with Zn in various forms. Group B (n = 9) with zinc oxide, Group C (n = 9) with zinc lactate and Group D (n = 9) with zinc chelate. The second trial with Se supplementation was carried out on 20 goats divided into four groups. Group E (n = 5) was a control group. The other three groups were administered Se. Group F (n = 5) was supplied with a selenium lactate-protein complex, Group G (n = 5) with sodium selenite and Group H (n = 5) with selenium yeast. Three months later blood and hair samples were taken from all animals and Zn and Se concentrations were determined in whole blood, plasma, and hair. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was determined in the Se supplementation trial group. At the end of the trial the Zn concentrations in plasma and whole blood were without major differences between the groups. The plasma concentration of Zn did not increase from the initial value at the start of the trial. In hair the average concentration of Zn was 95.2–100.0 mg/kg<br />in all groups. No conclusive relation was confirmed between the values of Zn in hair and its concentration in blood. The Se concentration in whole blood (µg/l) at the end of trial in supplemented groups (F – 188.8 ± 24.6; G – 197.2 ± 10.9; H – 190.1 ± 26.3) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the control group (E – 103.1 ± 23.5). Similarly, the activity of GSH-Px (µkat/l) was significantly higher in all supplemented groups (F – 872.3 ± 94.8; G – 659.5 ± 176.4; H – 839.8 ± 150.8) than in the control group (E – 379.1 ± 63.5). Se content in hair (µg/kg) was higher also in all trial groups (F – 242.3 ± 41.5; G – 200.5 ± 46.9; H – 270.0 ± 106.8) than in the control group (E – 174.7 ± 38.0). However, it was significantly (P < 0.05) higher only in Group F. A conclusive correlation was identified between the Se concentration in whole blood and its content in hair (r = 0.54; P < 0.05; n = 20). Based on the results it can be concluded that none of the supplemented forms of Zn increased its concentration in blood, plasma and hair. On the other hand, the administration of Se led to an increase in the Se concentration in blood, increased the activity of GSH-Px in whole blood and the Se content in hair. Based on the proven correlation and regression relation between the Se concentration in blood and its content in hair, hair can be considered as a suitable material for the diagnosis of long-term Se status in goats. Goats with sufficient Se status are those that have more than 160 µg/kg of Se in hair dry weight.

Download Full-text

Real Versus Sample-Based Differences in Comparative Family Business Research

Family Business Review ◽

10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00044.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 229-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Ann Jorissen ◽

Eddy Laveren ◽

Rudy Martens ◽

Anne-Mie Reheul

Keyword(s):

Management Training ◽

Business Research ◽

Planning And Control ◽

Versus Sample ◽

And Gender ◽

Educational Degree ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Perceived Environmental Uncertainty

This article analyzes the impact of not controlling for “demographic sample” differences on research results in the area of comparative family/nonfamily business research. Using different statistical methods with and without control for “demographic sample” differences, the results show that controlling for these firm demographics in a bivariate as well as a multivariate framework is very important to discover “real” differences between family and nonfamily firms. We found “real” differences for export, budgeting, variable reward systems, profitability and gender, educational degree, and tenure of the CEO. Strategy, networking, long-term planning and control systems, perceived environmental uncertainty, growth, and management training, classified by prior empirical research as different between family and nonfamily firms, do not differ.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Children’s Long-Term Participation in STEM Clubs on Their Attitudes towards STEM Subjects

International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools ◽

10.21585/ijcses.v0i0.51 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 20-29

Author(s):

Cem Kagar ◽

Teslime Kagar

Keyword(s):

Computer Science ◽

Research Method ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

After School ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Children’S Perspectives ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

School Club

In this report, we investigated the impact of after-school STEM clubs on children’s attitudes to STEM-related subjects. 236 children aged 8-12 took part in this study. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative research method was adopted where a survey prior to the STEM activities and at the end of 30 weeks of the after-school club have been used to make sense of children’s perspectives on STEM-related subjects. The study also explored whether the age and gender of the children would influence their attitudes towards these subjects.Keywords: STEM, Engineering, Cross-curricular, Computer Science, Primary education

Download Full-text