scholarly journals Comparison of Sonographically Evaluated Pre and Postprandial Gastric Antral Area in Type 2 Diabetics and Healthy Control Subjects

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Md Abu Taher ◽  
Unan Sultana ◽  
AS Mohiuddin ◽  
Md Mofazzal Sharif ◽  
Farzana Shegufta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Group I ◽  
Type 2 Diabetics ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic ◽  
Antral Area

Background: Gastric motility associated with delayed gastric emptying occurs frequently in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ultrasonography play an important role by which the structure and function of the stomach can be assessed in an accurate and reproducible manner. Ultrasonographic measurement of antral cross sectional area provides a valid, cheap alternative to other costly modalities for early measurement of gastric emptying . Increased gastric antral area reflects delayed gastric emptying and gastroparesis in type 2 diabetic. Post prandial antral area is also increased in healthy subjects. But there is a significant difference in sonographically measured postprandial gastric antral area in type 2 diabetics and healthy control subjects. No such study was done previously with Bangladeshi diabetic subjects.Aims & Objective: This study was performed to compare pre and postprandial gastric antral area in type 2 diabetics and in healthy controls by ultrasonography in Bangladeshi subjects.Materials and methods: A total number of 45 consecutive type 2 diabetic subjects referred in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, BIRDEM, Dhaka, for ultrasonography of whole abdomen as routine checkup and 45 healthy subjects who underwent ultrasonography for whole abdomen for the period of one year, were enrolled in this study and were considered as group I and group II respectively. Smokers, snuff users, patients with connective tissue, cerebrovascular & endocrine diseases, receiving any drug affecting gastrointestinal motility, any previous gastriontestional tract surgery except appendisectomy were excluded from the study. All the selected subjects underwent B mode ultrasonogram of whole abdomen before and 90 mins after solid breakfast (two slices of bread and an egg). Unpaired t-test was done to compare pre and postprandial gastric antral area between type 2 diabetics and healthy controls and a P value <0.05 was taken as significant. Paired t-test was done to compare pre and postprandial gastric antral area of type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy controls and a P value <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Majority (40.0%) of patients were in 5th decade in group I and most (31.1%) of the healthy subjects were in 4th decade. Females were predominant in both groups, which was 64.4% in group I and 66.7% in group II and female to male ratio was almost 2:1 (in the whole study subjects). In this present series it was observed that the mean preprandial gastric antral area (measured by ultrasonography) was 392.29±70.48 mm2 with range from 220 to 569 mm2 in group I and 245.27±60.59 mm2 with range from 115 to 387 mm2 in group II. On the other hand, the mean post-prandial gastric antral area (measured by ultrasonography) was 551.71±190.04 mm2 with range from 305 to 1134 mm2 and 307.82±80.87 mm2 with range from 159 to 545 mm2 in group I and group II respectively. The mean pre-prandial and post-prandial gastric antral area were significantly (P<0.05) higher in type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy control subjects.Conclusion: This study concluded that there is statistically significant difference between pre and postprandial gastric antral areas measured by B-mode ultrasonography in type 2 diabetics and healthy control Bangladeshi subjects which is similarly found in other studies. Thus ultrasonography may be routinely used to detect gastroparesis earlier in type 2 diabetics. However, whether duration of diabetes mellitus is a factor, should be studied with larger population.Birdem Med J 2015; 5(2): 82-87

scholarly journals Acute plasma glucose increase, but not early insulin response, regulates plasma ghrelin

2003 ◽  
pp. 403-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Briatore ◽  
G Andraghetti ◽  
R Cordera
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Early Insulin Response ◽  
Effect Of Glucose ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

OBJECTIVE: The independent role of glucose and insulin in ghrelin regulation is still controversial; this is also because in healthy subjects it is difficult to isolate the increase of glucose from that of insulin. The aim of this study was to discriminate the effect of glucose increase alone and early insulin response on plasma ghrelin, comparing ghrelin variation after i.v. glucose between healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects, in whom the early insulin response to i.v. glucose is abolished. METHODS: Plasma glucose, insulin and ghrelin levels were measured 0, 3, 5, 10, 30, 45 and 60 min after a 5 g glucose i.v. bolus in seven healthy control subjects and eight T2DM subjects. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body mass index, basal insulin and basal ghrelin between T2DM and healthy subjects. Basal glucose levels were higher in T2DM subjects than in controls. After i.v. glucose administration, plasma glucose increased significantly in both groups and the glucose peak was higher in T2DM subjects than in controls (9.67+/-1.25 (s.d.) vs 6.88+/-1.00 mmol/l, P<0.01). Insulin increased rapidly in controls, while in T2DM subjects, plasma insulin did not rise in the first 10 min. After the glucose bolus, plasma ghrelin showed a significant reduction both in controls and in T2DM subjects after 5 min. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that a low-dose i.v. glucose bolus reduces ghrelin both in controls and in T2DM subjects and therefore that early insulin response does not affect plasma ghrelin.

scholarly journals The study of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) as a Potential Risk Factor for Macrovascular Complications (Ischemic Heart Disease and Cerebrovascular Stroke) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Amer ◽  
K M Makboul ◽  
B M Mostafa ◽  
C A Girgis ◽  
Y A Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Cerebrovascular Stroke ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached global epidemic proportions, with more than 382 million people affected according to 2013 estimate. By 2035, its prevalence is expected to reach 471 million, meaning that 10% of the world’s population will have diabetes. Patients with diabetes often suffer from metabolic abnormalities, poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and low-grade inflammation. These conditions trigger vascular dysfunction, which predisposes them to atherothrombosis Objective The present study aimed to study the mean platelet volume (MPV) as a potential risk factor for ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular stroke in type 2 diabetes. Methods The study was conducted on 150 subjects there ages ranged from 40 to 60 years old. They were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: included30 type 2 diabetic overweight or obese patients without previous history of myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular stroke. Then, they were subdivided into 2 subgroups: 1a) 15 diabetic non hypertensive patients. 1b) 15 diabetic hypertensive patients. Group 2: included A) 30 type 2 diabetic overweight or obese patients with recent cerebrovascular stroke. Then, they were subdivided into 2 subgroups: 2Aa) 15 diabetic non hypertensive patients. 2Ab) 15 diabetic hypertensive patients. B) 30 type 2 diabetic overweight or obese patients with acute myocardial infarction. Then, they were subdivided into 2 subgroups: 2Ba) 15 diabetic non hypertensive patients. 2Bb) 15 diabetic hypertensive patients. Group 3: 30 overweight or obese non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction or recent cerebrovascular stroke. Then, they were subdivided into 3a) 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction. 3b) 15 patients with recent cerebrovascular stroke. Group 4: 30 Healthy control with matching age and sex and were subdivided into 2 subgroups: Control a) 15 lean subjects. Control b) 15 overweight or obese subjects. All subjects in this study were subjected to Full medical history taking. Thorough clinical examination (including weight, height, BMI, blood pressure). The following laboratory investigations were done: Fasting blood glucose, Two hour post prandial, HbA1c, Fasting insulin (for HOMA IR), Lipid profile (Total cholesterol-LDL-HDL-Triglycerides), Mean platelet volume and Liver and kidney function test. The following radiological investigation were done: Carotid ultrasonography for estimation of intima-media thickness and abdominal ultrasonography. Results As regards MPV, there was a high statistical significant difference between the studied groups (p-value&lt;0.01), being the highest in group II (mean 11.93 ± 0.37 fl) followed by group III (10.77±1.69 fl), group I (10.67±1.98 fl) and group IV (8.83±0.98 fl). On comparing between every other groups there was a high statistical significant difference between group (I) & (II) being higher in group II, (I) & (IV) being higher in group I, (II) & (III) being higher in group II, (II) & (IV) being higher in group II and (III) & (IV) being higher in group III (P value&lt;0.01). However, there was a non-statistical significant difference between group (I) & (III) regarding the MPV (P value&gt;0.05). On comparing between hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients in each group as regard MPV, there were non-significant statistical difference. Conclusion MPV was higher in type 2 diabetic patients than healthy control. Moreover, MPV was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients with macrovascular complications. There was no significant difference between hypertensive and non hypertensive patients as regard MPV. There was no significant difference between obese and lean subjects as regard MPV. There was a positive significant correlation between MPV and markers of glycemic control in T2DM.

scholarly journals Association of Serum Triglycerides in Patients with Ischaemic Stroke Admitted in Hospital with type-2 Diabetes Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Nirmalendu Bikash Bhowmik ◽  
Dilruba Alam ◽  
Md Rashedul Islam ◽  
Rumana Habib ◽  
Aminur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Group I ◽  
Stroke Group ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, in particular triglyceridemia pose independent risk factors of stroke. Hypertriglyceridemia implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by imparting endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and lowering fibrinolytic activity. This study was aimed to explore risk incurred by blood triglyceride level for ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A total number of 80 [50 with acute ischemic stroke and 30 without stroke] type 2 diabetic patients consecutively admitted in the neurology department, during the period of April to September 2012, fulfilling the recruitment criteria were included in the study. Ischemic stroke was confirmed by CT-scan. Informed written consent from the legal attendant of each patient was obtained. Data regarding clinicobiochemical and images studies were retrieved from patient’s record form. Results: Male to female ratio was 1.2:1 of the study subjects. Mean (±SD) age (yrs) was 61.0±10.6 in patients with ischemic stroke (Group I) and 57.0±12.3 in patients without stroke (Group II). Risk factors like BMI, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake did not show any statistical significance with incidence of ischemic stroke. Mean (±SD) triglyceride (mg/ dl) was 241±56 and 217±102 in Group I and Group II respectively (p=0.024). Eighty eight percent patients had triglyceride 150 mg/dl in Group I and 70 percent in Group II. Triglyceride level (mean±SD, mg/dl) was significantly higher (335±101) in overweightobese patients (BMI 25 Kg/m2) compared to those (232±68) with normal body weight (BMI<25 Kg/m2). Triglyceride level did not show statistical difference among patients having habit of smoking or not. Mean (±SD) cholesterol (mg/dl, (±SD) was 197±62 and 165±26 in Group I and Group II respectively (p=0.009). Mean (±SD) LDL-c (mg/dl) was 101±45 and 98±42 in Group I (43.8±34.4) compared to Group II (60.2±15.6) (p=0.017). Patients with atherosclerotic changes had significantly higher triglyceride (mean±SD, mg/dl) level (338±155) compared to those without (228±89) (p=0.047). Conclusions: Data concluded that hypertriglyceridemia is relatively common among the diabetic patients even in patients with apparently good glycemic control and possibly incur added risk for ischemic stroke in these patients. However, further studies are needed involving optimum number of patients to substantiate this finding and conclusively comment on the issue and to design effective prevention program to reduce the cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2013; Vol. 29 (2) : 98-107

scholarly journals Evaluation of Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Oral Premalignancies and Malignancies: A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sairam Vankadara ◽  
Padmaja K ◽  
Praveen Kumar Balmuri ◽  
Naresh G ◽  
Vikas Reddy G
Keyword(s):  
Oral Submucous Fibrosis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group I ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Objectives: The aim was to evaluate and compare pretreatment serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with oral premalignancies and malignancies with that in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 90 patients of both genders. The subjects were divided into three groups. Group I comprised 30 healthy controls, while group II included 30 patients with potential oral malignancies including leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and oral lichen planus (OLP), and group III included 30 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients confirmed by histopathological examination. All samples were subjected to CRP analysis. Serum CRP levels were quantitatively determined using the automated immunoturbidimetric method. Results: In group I, CRP levels were ranging from 0.1 to 18.3 mg/l with the mean ± standard deviation (SD) CRP level of 3.88±4.50 mg/l. In group II, CRP levels were ranging from 0.8 to 53.9 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 5.59±9.86 mg/l. In group III, CRP levels were ranging from 3.3 to 96 mg/l with the mean ± SD CRP level of 31.72±31.01 mg/l. Conclusions: According to the results, prediagnostic concentrations of CRP are associated with subsequent development of oral cancer and suggest that plasma CRP level is a potential marker of increased risk of cancer

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salivary Procalcitonin and Macrophage Activating Factor in Generalised Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindhu Ramarao Ghorpade ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Rajaram ◽  
Jaideep Mahendra ◽  
Burnice Nalinakumari Chelladurai ◽  
Ambalavanan Namasivayam
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

Introduction: Periodontitis is a polymicrobial and multifactorial oral disease and is the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Early diagnosis is important, and the use of non invasive biomarkers are highly useful for this purpose. The level of Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF) and Procalcitonin (ProCT) corresponds to the intensity of the inflammatory response and the severity of infection; thereby indicating that an increase in concentration or persistence of high values is considered as a prognostic indicator for severity of infection with an adverse outcome. Aim: To assess the periodontal parameters and quantify the levels of MAF and ProCT in saliva samples of generalised chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and to correlate these levels with the periodontal parameters. Materials and Methods: The study was a single centre cross- sectional study carried out at the Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from November 2018 to November 2019. A total of 80 subjects with generalised severe chronic periodontitis were selected and divided into two groups. Group I comprised of 40 subjects who were diagnosed with generalised chronic periodontitis without type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas group II comprised of 40 subjects with generalised chronic periodontitis who had already been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Periodontal parameters such as Plaque Index (PI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) were recorded. The collected samples were subjected to molecular analysis for evaluating ProCT and MAF using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.1 (Chicago, USA Inc). Student’s Independent t-test was used to compare the mean values for the variables in the control and test group. The Pearson’s correlation test was used to evaluate correlation between all the variables. The p-value <0.05 was set as the level of significance. Results: On comparing the periodontal parameters between group I and group II, there was no significant difference between the groups p-value >0.05. The mean salivary ProCT level in group I and group II was 268.76±152.78 ng/mL and 785.75±244.37 ng/mL, respectively. The mean salivary MAF level in group I and group II was 7.15±2.02 ng/mL and 26.56±9.12 ng/mL, respectively. On comparing MAF and ProCT value between group I and group II, there was a statistically significant increase in group II (p-value <0.001) and a weak correlation value with the periodontal parameters was seen. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in levels of MAF and ProCT in saliva samples of generalised chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus, however the periodontal variables in each group did not correlate with MAF and ProCT.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the type 2 diabetic patients with hypoglycemia in a tertiary referral hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 472-476
Author(s):  
Satilmis Bilgin ◽  
Gulali Aktas ◽  
Ozge Kurtkulagi ◽  
Burcin M. Atak ◽  
Gizem Kahveci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Diabetic Treatment ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background. Hypoglycemia is an important complication of the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which constitutes a barrier in stringent diabetic control. Beside it constitutes nearly 10 % of emergency department admissions that caused by adverse drug events, it may also increase morbidities and mortality by inducing, cardiac arrhythmias, neurological impairment and ischemic events. Hypoglycemia is the most common side effect of insulin treatment, however, oral antidiabetic agents may also induce hypoglycemic complications. In present retrospective study, we purposed to observe general characteristics and laboratory data of the type 2 diabetic patients whom presented with mild or moderate/severe hypoglycemia. Materials and methods. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whom presented to our institution with hypoglycemia between January 2019 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. General characteristics and laboratory data of the subjects recorded. Patients grouped into two groups, group I consisted of subjects with mild hypoglycemia and group II consisted of patients with moderate/severe hypoglycemia. Data of the subjects in groups I and II were compared. Results. There were 15 subjects in group I and 23 in group II. HbA1c and other laboratory markers were not significantly different in study groups. Similarly diabetes duration and anti-diabetic treatment were not significantly different in study groups. The rate of geriatric patients was significantly higher in group II compared to group I (p = 0.04). Conclusions. Subjects with moderate/severe hypoglycemia tend to be more frequently in geriatric age and HbA1c not correlates with the degree of the hypoglycemia. Since neither duration of diabetes, nor anti-diabetic treatment were associated with the severity of the hypoglycemia, each case should be evaluated individually to prevent further episodes which could increase morbidity and mortality in diabetic population.

Homocysteine induces caspase activation by endoplasmic reticulum stress in platelets from type 2 diabetics and healthy donors

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (05) ◽  
pp. 1022-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanene Zbidi ◽  
Pedro Redondo ◽  
Jose López ◽  
Aghleb Bartegi ◽  
Gines Salido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetics ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

SummaryDiabetes mellitus is a disease characterised by hyperglycaemia and associated with several cardiovascular disorders, including angiopathy and platelet hyperactivity, which are major causes of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In type 2 diabetic patients, homo-cysteine levels are significantly increased compared with healthy subjects. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for macro-and microangiopathy and mortality. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of homocysteine on platelet apoptosis. Changes in cytosolic or intraluminal free Ca2+ concentration were determined by fluorimetry. Caspase activity and phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) were explored by Western blot. Our results indicate that homocysteine releases Ca2+ from agonist sensitive stores, enhances eIF2α phosphorylation at Ser51 and activates caspase-3 and -9 independently of extracellular Ca2+. Homocysteine induced activation of caspase-3 and -9 was abolished by salubrinal, an agent that prevents endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Homo-cysteine-induced platelet effects were significantly greater in type 2 diabetics than in healthy subjects. These findings demonstrate that homocysteine induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis in human platelets, an event that is enhanced in type 2 diabetic patients, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Correlation of Carotid Intimomedial Thickness with Coronary Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Avikal Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Coronary Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Carotid Imt ◽  
Silent Ischaemia ◽  
Type 2 Diabetics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Aims:  To  compare  the  carotid  intima-media  thickness  in  type  2  diabetic  patients  with  and  without  coronary  artery  disease  (CAD),  and to  correlate  the  intima-media  thickness  (IMT)  with known  coronary risk  factors. Methods:  two hundred and twenty patients  of type 2 diabetes were recruited for the  study.  History and physical examination were recorded. Laboratory investigations  included  fasting and  2-hour  post-prandial  blood  sugar ,  blood  urea,  serum  creatinine,  lipid  profile, glycated  haemoglobin, and  microalbuminuria. Ultrasonographic scanning of the carotid arteries was performed to measure the carotid IMT. For identification of cases of silent ischaemia, treadmill test (TMT) was performed.  Results:  The  study  group  was  divided  into  a  non-CAD  group  (n=80),  and  a  CAD  group (n=140).  The  mean  carotid  IMT  of  the  group  as  a  whole,  was  0.840±0.2  mm.  The mean carotid IMT was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in type 2 diabetics with CAD (both overt and silent) than in those without CAD.  In diabetics with CAD, the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides were found to be predictors of high mean carotid IMT. On subgroup analysis of the  cases  with  silent  ischaemia,  the  variables affecting carotid IMT were serum  creatinine,  total  cholesterol, microalbuminuria/proteinuria, serum  triglyceride  levels, and diastolic blood pressure.Conclusion:  A high carotid IMT  is  a surrogate and  reliable  marker  of  higher  risk  of  CAD  amongst  type  2  diabetic  patients,  even  in  those  without  overt  CAD.  The study underlines the utility of carotid IMT as a simple, non-invasive, safe, and cheap screening test for the assessment of risk/prognosis of CAD in type 2 diabetics.  We  have  also  demonstrated  the  usefulness  of  measuring  IMT, as a means to detect silent  CAD among type 2 diabetics.JNGMC Vol. 13 No. 2 December 2015, Page: 25-30

scholarly journals Comparison of Salivary Cortisol Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Pre-Diabetics with Healthy People

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 2321-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maedeh Salehi ◽  
Abbas Mesgarani ◽  
Soosan Karimipour ◽  
Shaghayegh Zahed Pasha ◽  
Zahra Kashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Salivary Cortisol Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

BACKGROUND: Cortisol is one of the important enzymes of saliva. Control of this hormone is an effective way to adjust the glucose level in diabetic patients. AIM: The aim of this research is to compare the salivary cortisol level in type 2 diabetic patients and pre-diabetics with healthy people. METHODS: In this case-control study (2018), the unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 44 patients with type 2 diabetes, 44 pre-diabetic people (case group), and 44 healthy subjects (control group), matched for age and gender. The samples were transferred to the laboratory, and salivary cortisol level was measured using ELISA. Data were analysed using SPSS 22 and Chi 2 tests. RESULTS: The mean salivary cortisol level in type 2 diabetic patients was 3.14 ± 1.17, in pre-diabetic cases was 1.83 ± 0.68, and in healthy controls was 0.86 ± 0.43 (P < 0.001). The mean DMFT in type 2 diabetic patients was 19.6 ± 6.5, in the pre-diabetic group was 13.43 ± 4.5, and in healthy controls was 9.38 ± 3.72 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With regards to the results, salivary cortisol level in type 2 diabetic patients is more than pre-diabetic people, and in pre-diabetic people is more than healthy people. Also, there was a significant relation between salivary cortisol level and DMFT index.

scholarly journals Duplex Color Doppler Evaluation of Retinal Arterial Blood Flow in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects without Retinopathy

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-173
Author(s):  
Mashah Binte Amin ◽  
Farzana Shegufta ◽  
Md Towhidur Rahman ◽  
Tarana Yasmin ◽  
Khaleda Parvin Rekha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Peak Systolic Velocity ◽  
Resistive Index ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Diastolic Velocity ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Retinal Artery ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a vascular disorder affecting the microvasculature of retina. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of retina. If untreated, it may lead to blindness which is usually preventable if retinopathy is diagnosed early and treated promptly. In ophthalmology, color Doppler imaging is a new method that enables us to assess the orbital vasculature. It allows for simultaneous two dimensional anatomical and Doppler evaluations of hemodynamic characteristics of retinal artery. Objective: To observe the difference between Doppler flow velocity indices (peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and resistive index) of retinal artery in type 2 diabetic subjects without retinopathy and those of normal controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the department of Radiology and Imaging, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) in collaboration with Ophthalmology Outpatient Department, BIRDEM, Dhaka from July 2011 to June 2013. Eighty diabetic patients without retinopathy aged 27–68 years were enrolled as cases and age and sex matched 80 healthy subjects were selected as controls. Type 1 diabetic patients, type 2 diabetics with retinopathy, hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects were excluded from the study. All the selected subjects underwent duplex Doppler ultrasonography of both eyes using 5 to 7.5 MHZ linear phase transducer. Duplex color Doppler findings including spectral analysis (PSV, EDV and RI) were recorded. Unpaired t test was done to compare blood flow velocity indices of retinal artery in type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy and that of healthy control subjects. p value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Majority (42.5% and 47.5%) of subjects were in 4th decade of life in both groups with predominance of males. The mean duration of diabetes was 4.56 ± 2.1 years. Mean peak systolic velocity (PSV) in 80 diabetic patients without retinopathy was 10.70 ± 1.50 cm/sec ranging 5.30–16.10 cm/sec and that of 80 healthy subjects was 11.27 ± 0.98 cm/sec ranging 9.0–13.10 cm/sec. Mean end diastolic velocity (EDV) in 80 diabetic patients without retinopathy was 2.58 ± 0.67 cm/sec ranging 1.00 –5.10 cm/sec and that of 80 healthy subjects was 4.11 ± 2.7 cm/sec ranging 3.00–4.60 cm/sec. Mean resistive index (RI) in 80 diabetic patients without retinopathy was 0.75 ± 0.04 ranging 0.66–0.81 and that of 80 healthy subjects was 0.64 ± 0.02 ranging 0.60–0.70. Mean difference of retinal arterial RI of diabetic subjects without retinopathy and healthy control eyes was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that, there is statistically significant difference between retinal arterial RI of type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy and that of healthy control adult subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i3.20948 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(3): 168-173

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