scholarly journals Effects of establishment method, seeding rate and soil fertility on the growth and persistence of a prairie grass pasture in the Waikato

1990 ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
E.R. Thorn ◽  
M.J. Taylor ◽  
D.D. Wildermoth
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Major Element Composition ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Establishment Method ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Tiller Density

The production and persistence of 'Grasslands Mama prairie grass were compared when direct drilled or oversown at a low or high seeding rate, and with or without extra fertiliser before planting. To estimate possible effects of insects on prairie grass persistence, insecticide was applied to a small area. Prairie grass growth during the first winter/spring was greater when direct drilled than when oversown, but thereafter treatment effects disappeared. High seed rate plots maintained higher prairie grass plant and tiller densities than low seed rate plots during the first year, but this did not affect annual herbage accumulation, Two years from sowing, prairie grass plant and tiller densities had declined to a low level in all plots. At this time, prairie grass tiller density and prairie grass content (% of DM) in insecticidetreated areas were about twice those in untreated areas. Mean total annual herbage accumulation in the second year had declined by 21% compared with the first. This work shows that prairie grass does not require extra fertiliser at planting when sown into a well maintained high fertility site, and that direct drilling at a low seed rate produces results similar to those of the traditional method of establishment of oversowing at a high seed rate. Insect attack contributed to poor prairie grass persistence. Keywords Bromus willdenowii Kunth, oversowing, direct drilling, pasture botanical composition, major element composition, tiller density, insect damage, annual herbage accumulation, root yields

Effect of soil fertility, weed competition, defoliation and legume seeding rate on establishment of tropical pasture species in south-east Queensland

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
First Year ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Prairie Soil ◽  
Second Year

An experiment was sown at two contrasting sites in south-east Queensland to study the response of tropical pasture species in the establishment and second year to treatments imposed during the establishment year. Sowing was into fully prepared seed-beds on a nitrogen deficient low humic gley at Beerwah and a fertile prairie soil at Samford. Limiting nutrients, other than nitrogen, were supplied by fertilizer. The treatments were: two pastures (Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro/Setaria anceps and Desmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf/setaria anceps), three legume seeding rates, two defoliation systems in the establishment year, and presence or absence of severe annual grass weed competition. In the establishment year there were large treatment effects on the yields of sown pasture species. Sown weeds had a great effect, particularly on the high fertility site where they reduced setaria, desmodium and siratro yields by factors of approximately 50, 10 and 2 respectively. Legume yields increased with legume seeding rates. The sum of legume yields from the regularly cut treatments was only one-half to one-quarter that of the single end of season cut, whereas total grass yields were similar in both treatments. However, all first year treatments had much less effect in the second year, when legumes comprised about 70 per cent of mixtures at the low fertility site and 30 per cent of mixtures at the high fertility site. Some comments are made about this role of soil fertility in the dynamics of pasture establishment and about future lines of research. Results from this and other experiments suggest that pasture establishment problems on fully prepared seed-beds are not a major limitation to the wider use of tropical pastures in south-eastern Queensland.

Yields and nitrogen uptake of grain sorghum in various rotations, including lucerne, annual legume and long fallow

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Establishment Method ◽  
Soil Evidence

Long-term yields, nitrogen uptake and responsiveness of grain sorghum following three lucerne rotations, an annual legume rotation, long fallowing, and continuous wheat growing were measured on a black earth and red clay in northern New South Wales. The three lucerne rotations compared two methods of lucerne establishment (with or without a cover crop) and two methods of grazing management (short or extended grazing).There were large beneficial effects of lucerne leys on the first grain sorghum crop, whether they were measured as grain yield, nitrogen content of the foliage and grain, or nitrogen uptake. The effect was much smaller in the second year but it increased in the third and fourth years, in direct relation to the rainfall during the sorghum flowering period. The effect was larger on the black earth than on the red clay, reflecting the much higher lucerne yields on the former soil. Evidence indicated that the nitrogen contribution from lucerne after the first year was no greater than the nitrogen accumulated by long fallowing, and this was attributed to very low rainfall and lucerne yields during the four year ley period.The annual legume rotation suffered from drought and insect damage in most years, and following sorghum yields tended to be lower than those achieved by long fallowing.Differences in the effects of establishment method and grazing management on total lucerne yields were reflected in the differences in subsequent grain sorghum yields. Largest differences were on the black earth where extended grazing lowered the total yields of lucerne and subsequent grain sorghum. Sowing lucerne under wheat had little effect on total yields of lucerne or sorghum.

scholarly journals Продуктивність коріандру залежно від строків сівби, норми висіву та ширини міжрядь у північному Степу України

2013 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Г. М. Козелець
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate

Наведено результати досліджень впливу норми висіву і ширини міжрядь на продуктивність коріандру за підзимового та ранньовесняного строків сівби.Встановлено, що кращим строком сівби для коріандру є підзимовий, за якого врожайність плодів становила 1,21 т/га, що більше порівняно із ранньовесняним на 0,30 т/га, або 24,7 %. Для коріандру в умовах північного Степу оптимальною є норма висіву 2,0–2,5 млн сх. нас. на 1 га, яка забезпечила урожайність 1,14–1,15 т/га. Сівба з шириною міжрядь 0,45 м сприяла отриманню врожайності 1,09 т/га, що більше ніж при 0,15 м на 0,06 т/га, або 8,0 %. Вищий рівень врожаю (1,39 т/га) отримано за підзимового строку сівби з шириною міжрядь 0,45 м та нормою висіву 2,0 млн сх. нас. на 1 га. The results of investigations of the effect of seed rate and row spacing on the productivity of coriander on the podzim and early spring yields are given.It was established that the best seeding period for coriander is the podzimovy, in which the fruit yield was 1.21 t / ha, which is more compared to the early spring by 0.30 t / ha, or 24.7%. For a coriander in the conditions of the northern steppe, the seeding rate of 2.0-2.5 million cu is optimal. us. per 1 hectare, which yields 1.14-1.15 t / ha. A seam with a width of 0.45 m row spacings contributed to yielding 1.09 t / ha, which is more than 0.15 m at 0.06 t / ha, or 8.0%. The highest level of harvest (1.39 t / ha) was obtained for the podium seeding period with a width of rows of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 2.0 million growing seeds per 1 hectare.

scholarly journals Effects of soil characteristics and spring management on the persistence of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass

1990 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
C.J. Boom ◽  
G.W. Sheath
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Tiller Density

'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass was direct drilled into easy hill county at Whatawhata Research Centre. Establishment was excellent, but persistence was poor in most paddocks after 2 years. Site conditions associated with a range of Matua populations were surveyed. Matua population decline was greatest during spring. Spring soil nitrogen levels were associated with persistence, implying that nitrogen application in late winter may enhance persistence. In a trial to assess the effect of spring management on tillering patterns, seed production and seedling vigour, October closing resulted in the highest seed production, seed vigour and highest tiller density after herbage removal. It is proposed that a springsummer hay making policy will enhance the vigour of the existing population and provide adequate reseeding for new plant recruitment. Keywords Matua, persistence, soil survey, nitrogen, tiller density, closing date

Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. I. Field studies in the first year of the cropping phase

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Kirkegaard ◽  
JF Angus ◽  
PA Gardner ◽  
W Muller
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Direct Drilling

An experiment was conducted on a red earth at Harden, N.S.W., to investigate the effects of tillage and stubble management on the growth and yield of wheat in the first year of conservation cropping. Treatments involved stubble-management systems of incorporation, burning or retention combined with tillage systems of either direct drilling or minimum tillage. The experiment was conducted on an oat stubble of 3.9 t ha-1. Direct drilling and stubble retention both reduced seedling growth by 15%, compared to cultivated and stubble burnt treatments, but had no effect on plant density or tillering. The effects on shoot growth were additive and persisted until maturity, leading to grain yields which varied from 2.16 t ha-1 for the stubble-mulched, direct-drilled treatment to 3.20 t ha-1 for the burned-stubble, minimum-till treatment. Direct drilling reduced the total root length in the profile (0-160 cm) at anthesis by 40%, but there was no effect of stubble retention. Reduced shoot growth and rooting depth on direct-drilled and stubble-retained treatments reduced the recovery of water and mineral N by the crop and increased the leaching of mineral N below the root zone. Early shoot growth reductions on direct-drilled plots were not related to levels of soil water, mineral nitrogen (N) or soil temperature. Reduced shoot growth was associated with increased severity of Rhizoctonia in some direct drilled plots, but growth reductions often occurred in the absence of obvious symptoms. High soil strength (>2 MPa) in the top 10 cm of soil may have contributed to reduced growth, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. Reduced growth associated with the presence of stubble was not caused by immobilization of N or increased leaf disease, although reduced soil temperatures may have been partly responsible.

Assessing specific agronomic responses of wheat cultivars in a winter rainfall environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
A. J. van Burgel ◽  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
B. J. Shackley ◽  
C. M. Zaicou-Kunesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
A Site ◽  
N Rates

When new wheat cultivars are released for commercial production it is desirable to assist farmers to maximise the yield advantage by providing information about their responses to agronomic practices such as seeding rate and nitrogen (N) fertiliser. Over 3 years in 22 field experiments in the Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia the response to seed rate and applied N fertiliser of current and recently released wheat cultivars was measured in factorial experiments under rain-fed conditions. A cross-site analysis showed that the environment × cultivar (location and year) or management (seed rate and N rate) interactions were relatively minor, explaining only 5% or less of the yield variation, in contrast to 89% accounted for by the environment. The analyses of individual experiments revealed that cultivars interacted more often with seeding rate (12 sites) than with applied N fertiliser rates (4 sites). Further, despite a frequent occurrence, the cultivar × seed rate interaction had only a marginal practical significance because the cultivar rankings at a site varied with season and the differences in optimum plant population were greater between sites and seasons than between cultivars at a site. The number of sites with positive and significant cultivar × N rate interaction was insufficient to generalise about the validity of the responses. The lack of any large differences between cultivars for their response to either seed rate or N rate implies the presence of a high inherent ability for compensation among yield components, thereby enabling the cultivars to exhibit an apparently high similarity for response to input levels. As such, it was not possible to generalise across environments in making clear suggestions for farmers to follow in respect of managing new cultivars differently from each other. It was concluded that despite the apparent desirability of providing information about differences between new and existing cultivars in their responses to seed and N rates at the time of release, they are more likely to be found where the differences between the cultivars are large, the testing sites are chosen so as to reduce the yield variance, and the yield level achieved in the experiments is above 2 t/ha.

The effect of sowing rate on the yield and composition of wheat grown on soils of high fertility in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

The effects of the different sowing rates of 20, 40, and 60 lb of seed an acre on the yield, bushel weight, composition, and response to fertilizers, of wheat grown on soils of high fertility has been studied in seven field experiments in the wheat-belt of southern New South Wales. Seasonal conditions ranged from drought to lush growing conditions and in addition one experiment was irrigated to reduce the effects of moisture stress on plant growth. Yields ranged from 10 to 70 bushels of wheat an acre and fertilizer treatments gave both positive and negative effects. For the wide range of growth conditions, variation in seeding rate had only small and non-significant effects on grain yields, with the exception of the irrigated experiment where a consistent trend indicated the need for higher seeding rates for maximum yield. Effects of the seeding rates on grain size and composition and fertilizer response, were negligible. Losses in potential grain yield, caused by the exhaustion of soil moisture reserves by excessive vegetative growth of high fertility soils before grain development has been completed, does not seem to be reduced appreciably by the use of low seeding rates.

The use of fire to establish Townsville lucerne in the Northern Territory

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Stocker ◽  
JD Sturtz
Keyword(s):  
Northern Territory ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Rainfall Region

During the wet season of 1964-65 two trials were established near Darwin to determine if Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.) could be established in undisturbed annual sorghum (Sorghum intrans F. Muell. ex Benth.) pastures after wet season burning had controlled grass growth. In the first trial, plots were burnt at intervals throughout the wet season. Townsville lucerne pods were broadcast immediately after burning. Grass control and Townsville lucerne establishment were satisfactory in plots burnt after December 6. The second trial examined the effect on Townsville lucerne establishment and S. intrans control of burning, seeding rate, superphosphate, and weedicide treatments. Burning had the most important effect ; seeding rate had little significant effect and superphosphate none. The weedicide treatment was ineffective. The trials indicate that provided wet season burning is used to control S. intrans, Townsville lucerne can be established cheaply over wide areas of the higher rainfall region of the Northern Territory.

The influence of cultural factors and mildew on yield of winter barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bainbridge ◽  
M. E. Finney ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Half Seed ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Late Sowing

SummaryIn experiments on winter barley in 1975–6 and 1977–8 early or late sowing, full or half seed rate, nitrogen applied in March or April and tridemorph spray applied in autumn, early spring and late spring were assessed factorially in all combinations for their effects on mildew development, crop growth and grain yield.Date of sowing had the biggest effect on yield. Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second. Late sowing (6 November 1975, 2 November 1977) approximately halved plant emergence. Although late-sown plants developed more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain this failed to compensate for the thinner stand.Sowing at half seed rate did not decrease yield when compared with the crop sown at the full seed rate on the same date. In contemporaneous crops extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants.The effect of date of applying N was variable. April N gave the best yield in the early· and late-sown crops in 1975–6 and in the late-sown crop in 1977–8. However, in the early-sown crop in the second year March N was best. Number of ears was increased in early-sown crops by March N but date of N application had no influence on number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crop.The winter of 1975–6 was mild and mildew developed on both early· and late-sown crops throughout their growth.Single tridemorph sprays applied in autumn (14 November) to the early-sown crop or winter (25 February) to the late-sown crop or early spring (9 April) to both crops gave significant yield increases of 6·3–7·6%. Applying two sprays, one in autumn or winter plus one in early spring gave an increase equal to the sum of each applied separately. A late spring spray (14 May) had no significant effect on yield. The 1977–8 winter was colder and although mildew was moderate on the early-sown crop in autumn it was almost absent from this experiment after winter. Spraying failed to increase yield significantly.

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