scholarly journals Seed production issues that limit supplies or result in high market prices of dryland legume species

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
High Price ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Dryland Crops ◽  
New Research ◽  
Seed Crops

A barrier to the adoption of many dryland legumes by grassland farmers is the lack of supply and/or the high price of seed. Growers face a number of problems in growing dryland legumes for seed, including a high risk of crop failure; alternatives such as wheat, barley and perennial ryegrass seed are lower risk crops. Gross margins for legume seed crops (including white clover) indicate that they have low profitability, at present prices if yields are average. Pollination remains a serious limitation to production, especially for dryland crops that are not well pollinated by honeybees. Both internationally and in New Zealand there has been a major decline in seed production research in the last decade, and little new research has been published on seed production of a range of dryland legumes. Seed production issues limiting yield in a range of dryland seed crops in New Zealand are identified. The paper concludes with suggestions that may help overcome some of these limitations. Key words: economics, lucerne, production constraints, red clover, white clover

EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL

1977 ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams ◽  
L.B. Anderson ◽  
B.M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Winter Annual

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.

scholarly journals Forage seed production: 75 years applying science and technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
R.J. Chynoweth ◽  
A.V. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Production History ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Seed Yields

Forage seed (brassica, grass and legume species) is the delivery vehicle for new plant genetics to the pastoral sector. Seed production technology associated with the release of the first bred pasture cultivars in the 1930s was largely based around horse-drawn reaper and binders and stationary threshing machines. The development of authenticity and quality controls also started in the 1930s with the NZ Seed Certification Scheme. Management inputs were minimal with closing and harvest dates being the major tools available. Over a 75 year period, seed yields have increased, with top growers now achieving seed yields that are three times greater than those reported 50 to 75 years ago. In the 1950s, harvest mechanisation developed rapidly and in the 1970s on-farm seed drying was developed. The availability of nitrogen (N) fertiliser was the first major input available for grass seed growers. The paper follows the science and changing recommendations on N rates and the eventual maximum limit achieved by additional N identified in trials in 2004. From the 1960s onwards, new herbicides have allowed for the control of a wider range of difficult to control weed species, especially the control of other grasses in ryegrass seed crops and broadleaved weeds in white clover. New generation fungicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators have provided improved management tools for increased seed yields. The paper concludes with changes in extension from Government driven (Department of Agriculture) to farmer funded R&D and extension by the Foundation for Arable Research. Keywords: ryegrass, white clover, brassica, seed production, history

Diurnal and Inter-Colony Variation in Pollen Collection from Different Seed Crops by Honeybees (Apis melifera L.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Helt Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Pollen Collection ◽  
Pollen Sources ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Significant Diurnal Variation

AbstractA total of 2207 pollen collectors were trapped from five honeybee colonies at different times of day and grouped according to the pollen sources: red clover, white clover, field beans, crucifers, other species. Significant diurnal variation in amount of pollen collected from the different sources was found and the percentage of pollen collected from red clover, white clover and field beans respectively varied significantly between the five colonies.

scholarly journals Relationship between Sitona lepidus larval numbers and white clover seed production

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

Plots of two cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) Grasslands Prestige (smallleaved early flowering) and Grasslands Kopu (largeleaved later flowering) were established in coldframe beds Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) larval numbers were manipulated to obtain winter larval densities ranging from 0 to over 1000/m2 Increasing winter larval densities increased Prestige seed production (g/m2) when harvested on 28 December and 10 January and the trend was still evident on 24 January No such relationships were found in Kopu for the early and middle harvests but at the late harvest increasing winter larval densities had a negative impact on seed production The results indicate that the effect of clover root weevil larvae on second year clover seed crops may vary substantially between cultivars and may even be positive rather than negative

scholarly journals White clover seed inoculation and coating in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Lowther ◽  
G.A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Coated Seed

This paper reviews the requirement for inoculation of white clover (Trifolium repens) seed with rhizobia bacteria in New Zealand. The pastoral industry relies on the nitrogen fixed by clover's rhizobia bacteria. These rhizobia were not present in soils prior to European settlement, but were introduced as contaminants, and naturally spread with pastoral development. The advent of large scale land development in the 1950s identified areas where clovers failed to nodulate and establish due to the absence of rhizobia, which led to the development of inoculated lime coated seed. Rhizobia have spread widely throughout New Zealand, and in the great majority of situations where pasture is being sown, soils now contain high levels of resident rhizobia capable of nodulating white, red and alsike clover, and inoculation of clover seed is not required. However, it is suggested the use of inoculated clover seed should be considered in the following three situations as an insurance against nodulation failure: undeveloped grasslands with no evidence of resident clover; virgin pastoral land cleared directly from scrub; and paddocks cropped with maize continually for over 10 years. It has been hypothesised that inoculating clover seed may improve clover growth through introducing more effective rhizobia with better nitrogen fixation ability, but the research in this area suggests there is little likelihood of any significant response from doing this. Keywords: rhizobia, inoculation, coated seed, white clover, red clover, alsike clover

Red clover casebearer moth (Coleophora deauratella) is widespread throughout New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
Richard Chynoweth ◽  
Phil Rolston ◽  
Mark McNeill ◽  
Scott Hardwick ◽  
Olivia Bell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Baseline Temperature ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
And Control

Coleophora deauratella (red-clover casebearer moth, RCCB) was first confirmed as present in New Zealand during late 2016. It devastated red-clover seed crops throughout the mid-Canterbury region during the 2016/17 growing season but its distribution and control options were unknown. Therefore, traps containing a male pheromone specific to RCCB were located inside either red-clover seed crops or hay crops at 27 sites throughout the South Island and lower North Island during summer 2017/18. Moth numbers were monitored at 7—14-day intervals between November and February. RCCB was confirmed as present at all 27 sites (from Invercargill to Masterton). Peak flights occurred during December with mean moth catch well correlated in thermal time, with half of adult emergence occurring 285˚C days from 1 July (baseline temperature=12oC). Laboratory-based trials were conducted against live moths to evaluate the effectiveness of various organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Tau-fluvalinate, lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos each provided >90% control of moths so chemical control is possible, if required. However, an integrated pest-management control strategy needs to be tested and evaluated.

Control of Winter Annual Weeds in White Clover Raised for Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Annual Weeds

Winter applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or combinations of paraquat with diquat [6,7-dihydrodipydrido (1,2-α: 2′,1′-c) pyrazinediium ion], propham (isopropyl carbanilate), or pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], usually controlled both winter annual grass and broadleaf weeds in established white clover (Trifolium repensL. ‘New Zealand,’ ‘Louisiana S-1,’ and ‘Tillman’). Diquat controlled broadleaf weeds, but was less effective than paraquat or combinations of paraquat with diquat, propham, or pronamide for grass control. Dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) controlled weeds in some experiments. Pronamide and propham usually controlled grass weeds but not broadleaf weeds. In experiments in which clover seed production differed significantly, paraquat or combinations of paraquat with propham or pronamide usually resulted in higher yields than the check. Yields increased more often where treatments included paraquat.

Effect of 2,4-DB on White Clover Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Seed fields of white clover (Trifolium repens L. ‘New Zealand’ and ‘Louisiana S-1′) were treated with the dimethylamine salt and the isooctyl ester of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butyric acid (2,4-DB). Rates of application were 0.56, 1.12, and 1.68 kg/ha. Applications were made at the vegetative, bud, and flowering stages of growth. All treatments applied at the vegetative and bud stages of growth significantly reduced white clover seed production. Reductions in clover seed production usually became more severe as the rate of 2,4-DB increased.

Reproductive performance of New Zealand Romney sheep grazed on red clover (Trifolium pratense) pastures

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Ch'ang
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Endometrial Cyst

The reproductive performance of 253 female Romney sheep of different ages has been studied from 1958 to 1960. Comparisons of the reproductive performance were made between ewes grazed on red clover pastures and ewes grazed on perennial rye-grass and white clover swards. The red clovers were oestrogenic during all periods of utilization.The ingestion of oestrogenic red clovers caused the ewe lambs to accept the male before the start of the normal breeding season. No corpus luteum was found in the ovary of these lambs thus induced into oestrus. The subsequent reproductive performance of these ewe lambs at 2 years of age was not affected. The oestrus per se or the regularity of oestrus of the young (1½-year-old) or the aged (5½-year-old) ewes was not affected by the diet of oestrogenic red clover.The ingestion of oestrogenic red clover did not affect the reproductive performance of the young ewes at 2 years of age, but did cause a protracted lambing season and a reduced level of lambing performance in the aged ewes at 6 years of age. No endometrial cyst was found in the aged ewes. It was suggested that the reduced level of reproductive performance of the aged ewes could have resulted from an unfavourable environment within the ewe, for the process of fertilization or implantation of the fertilized ova during the breeding season.

scholarly journals Chicory seed production: research and practice

1990 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
M.D. Hare ◽  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
W.J. Archie ◽  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
B.R. Guy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

'Grasslands Puna' chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been harvested for seed in New Zealand since 1984. Seed yields have ranged from 0 to over 700 kg/ha with an average yield of around 200 kg/ha. Data from Manawatu and Canterbury trials were combined with information gained from monitoring 25 Puna seed crops in Canterbury. Results from work on establishment, time of closing, seed development, response to nitrogen, herbicide tolerance and methods of harvesting are reported, and differences between Manawatu and Canterbury in terms of management of Puna seed crops are highlighted. Keywords: chicory, seed production

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