scholarly journals Extended Supply-Use Tables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourish Dutta
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The World

The statistical challenges of globalization are profound. We cannot rely solely on national statistics to understand how economies work and how to create industrial policies focusing on competitiveness. It is necessary to see the whole. National statistics build pictures based on relationships between producers and consumers and the rest of the world. But these relationships, especially those with the rest of the world, have become increasingly more complex. There is an increasing need to consider global production within a global accounting framework. This implies a departure from the traditional role of international organizations as compilers of internationally comparable national statistics to bring together the national tables to create a global table.

scholarly journals Extended Supply-Use Tables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourish Dutta
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
The World

The statistical challenges of globalization are profound. We cannot rely solely on national statistics to understand how economies work and how to create industrial policies focusing on competitiveness. It is necessary to see the whole. National statistics build pictures based on relationships between producers and consumers and the rest of the world. But these relationships, especially those with the rest of the world, have become increasingly more complex. There is an increasing need to consider global production within a global accounting framework. This implies a departure from the traditional role of international organizations as compilers of internationally comparable national statistics to bring together the national tables to create a global table.

Meta-Regulation of Private Standards: The Role of Regional and International Organizations in Comparison with the WTO

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Naiki
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Private Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
One Step

Abstract The rise and proliferation of private standards have been recognized in international trade law, and various concerns have been raised. Existing literature analyses how the World Trade Organization (WTO), particularly the SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) Committee and the TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) Committee, have responded (or cannot respond) to the proliferation of private standards. This paper goes one step further by focusing specifically on the meta-regulatory function performed by regional and international organizations other than the WTO. This paper sheds light on three types of governance techniques that can serve as meta-regulatory activities in relation to private standards by regional and international organizations: (1) governance by delegation; (2) governance by information; and (3) governance by soft law. This paper analyses features of these governance techniques and considers the relation between these governance techniques and the WTO's approach.

Somatic Value in Mechanical Products: Machines as Interactive Media

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Mechanical Products ◽  
User Centric

This paper points out the importance of machines as tangible and substantial media for our customers to interact with the outer world. As the world is getting more and more globalized, diversified and complex, and situations are changing more frequently and extensively, it becomes harder and harder for designers to foresee operating conditions. Therefore design is changing quickly from traditional designer-centric to user-centric. It is a user who can understand the current situation and solve the imminent problem. Thus, the role of a machine is changing from a tool to a partner which helps a user understand the situation and solve the problem together. Although traditional role of machines has been primarily an actuator, its role as a sensing media is quickly increasing. Traditional product development has been one way and it is producer-driven, regarding customers as being very passive and just as consumers or users. But customers are very active and creative. The tangible and substantial feature of mechanical products has advantages in satisfying our customers’ needs for creativity and customization of our products to adapt to their needs and tastes and furthermore in creating experience and stories for them, which will add increased value, if not only product value but also process value is considered. To realize such goals, mechanical engineering should introduce more pragmatic approaches in addition to the current rational approach.

scholarly journals The Second Most Difficult Job in the World

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-281
Author(s):  
Jan Klabbers
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This article addresses the ecology and functioning of the World Health Organization in a time of crisis, zooming in on the pressures on both the organization and its leadership generated by the circumstance that the organization cannot avoid allocating costs and benefits when taking decisions. The article argues that the covid-19 crisis illustrates how international organizations generally and the who in particular are subjected to conflicting demands, and how this impacts on the role of decision-makers. The latter, it transpires, need to display considerable practical wisdom.

Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
The World

The peace process in Northern Ireland is associated with the signing of the Good Friday or Belfast Agreement, the arduous and lengthy implementation of this Agreement, and the continuing sectarianism in Northern Ireland. Despite the numerous and various studies about this case, no collection of scholarly analysis to date has attempted to assess a wide variety of theories prominent in International Relations (IR) that relate directly to the conflict in Northern Ireland, the peace process, and the challenges to consolidating peace after an agreement. IR scholars have recently written about and debated issues related to paradigms, border settlement and peace, the need to provide security and disarm combatants, the role of agents and ideas, gender and security, transnational movements and actors, the role of religions and religious institutions, the role of regional international organizations, private sector promotion of peace processes, economic aid and peacebuilding, the emergence of complex cooperation even in the world of egoists, and the need for reconciliation in conflict torn societies. How do the theories associated with these issues apply in the context of Northern Ireland’s peace process? Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland explores primarily middle-range theories of International Relations and examines these theories in the context of the important case of Northern Ireland.

Orchestrating a Migration Regime

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-227
Author(s):  
Alan Gamlen
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Models ◽  
Donor State ◽  
Diaspora Engagement

Chapter 9 shows how the widespread adoption of diaspora institution models and best practices has been orchestrated by international organizations, and supported by the actions of a ‘diaspora engagement industry’ of professional consultants, think tanks, and NGOs working on the topic. The chapter shows how and why key international organizations consumed and assimilated models of diaspora engagement, and how they ‘orchestrated’ the dissemination of these policy models and best practices to states around the world. The discussion also highlights how international organizations have used mechanisms such as ‘donor menus’ to retain credibility as disinterested experts, and also how such mechanisms have concealed the role of powerful donor state interests in shaping this supposedly disinterested advice.

scholarly journals Tall trends: quantifying the skyscraper phenomenon

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 01012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Gabel
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Percent Increase

The world continues to witness an explosion of growth in the number of 200-plus-meter skyscrapers, with three straight years of record-breaking completions (from 2014 to 2016) and a 441 percent increase on the total number of such towers in the 21st century, from 265 in 2000 to 1,168 at the end of 2016. Fueled largely by strong economic performance, much of this activity is centered in Asia and the Middle East, upending longstanding geopolitical trends. China in particular has dominated worldwide skyscraper construction, accounting for two-thirds of all completions in the last calendar year (2016). Further, the traditional role of the skyscraper has diversified, with residential and mixed-use buildings accounting for a greater share of 200-plus-meter buildings. This paper explores these interconnected trends in detail and analyzes both the causes and impacts of an evolving skyscraper industry.

INDEPENDENT AUDITING DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES / NEPRIKLAUSOMO AUDITO RAIDOS TENDENCIJOS

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclovas Lakis
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The World ◽  
Independent Auditing

Different countries of the world face some misunderstandings or even scandals concerning the inappropriate information about financial problems in different companies, which, in its turn, decreases society's confidence in independent auditing and encourages discussions on the role of auditing in economy. EU, international trade unions, governments make great efforts to improve the quality of independent auditing. The article investigates the functions of auditors, factors influencing the auditing state, the reasons for fraud of financial statements, motives and means, the efforts of international organizations and governments to improve the auditing quality and unsolved auditing problems. Santrauka Nagrinėjamos auditorių funkcijos; veiksniai, darantys įtaką audito būklei; finansinių ataskaitų klastojimo tikslai, motyvai ir priemonės; tarptautinių organizacijų ir atskirų šalių vyriausybių pastangos pagerinti audito kokybę; neišspręstos audito problemos. Daroma išvada, kad kai kurie norminiai aktai nesiderina su audito standartais ir kelia auditoriams sunkiai įvykdomų reikalavimų. Pabrėžiama, kad dėl įvairių priežasčių nepriklausomas auditas pernelyg supaprastėjo. Nepriklausomo audito raidoje ryškėja dviejopa tendencija. Viena, tarptautinės organizacijos ir atskirų šalių vyriausybės deda pastangų, kurios padeda gerinti audito kokybę. Kartu pastebima ir kita tendencija – nepriklausomas auditas pernelyg supaprastėjo, per siaurai formuluojamas audito tikslas. Taip pat audito metu atliekama kur kas daugiau procedūrų, negu reikia audito tikslui pasiekti, tačiau informacija, sukaupta per auditą, užsakovams pateikiama tik iš dalies. Rekomenduojama praplėsti audito tikslą ir procedūras, taip pat numatyti, kad visais atvejais užsakovui kartu su auditoriaus išvada būtų pateikta išsami audito ataskaita.

scholarly journals Les Allemagnes et la division Est-Ouest : Une ambivalence politique

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-559
Author(s):  
Paul Létourneau
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Concrete Case ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

This article is about the role of international bureaucracies in the determination of the general policies of international organizations. In this paper it is argued that in general international organizations' Secretariats generally do wield, considerable power over the definition of the institutions' strategies, i.e. those activities, priorities and projects which taken together make up the program of the institution for a given period. Indeed, the international bureaucrats exercise tremendous control over the content of the program. This is so because international organizations have special functions in the world System. They must see to it that, certain states of affairs prevail in the world over the long run. It is, therefore, no surprise that the programs' content be more or less shielded from conjonctural fluctuations. The article then proceeds to test these hypotheses on a concrete case: the analysis of the processus through which Unesco's program goes before becoming the official policy of the organization.

s.Two Implementation and Accountability, 9 Advancing Human Rights through Global Health Governance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meier Benjamin Mason ◽  
Cinà Margherita Marianna ◽  
Gostin Lawrence O
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Global Health ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Global Health Governance ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This chapter addresses the international organizations that have accepted human rights obligations as a way of framing their global health policies, programs, and practices. International organizations within the United Nations (UN) system are engaged in implementing human rights—in both the mission they carry out and the way in which they carry out that mission. The UN has called on all programs, funds, and specialized agencies to mainstream human rights across their efforts, and various agencies have taken up this call to advance human rights for public health – beginning with the evolving role of the World Health Organization and expanding to encompass a sweeping set of international organizations that address health determinants. While there remain obstacles to the systematic operationalization of human rights across the global health governance landscape, international organizations are seeking to integrate their efforts to mainstream human rights in global health.

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