scholarly journals Manipulating the Difference between the Day and Night Temperatures Can Enhance the Quality of Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis lanceolata Plug Seedlings

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Ren ◽  
Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Astragalus Membranaceus ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Codonopsis Lanceolata ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Plug Seedling ◽  
The Difference

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f. are two famous medical species in Korea, China, and Japan, mainly used for treating diseases including cancer, obesity, and inflammation. Manipulation of the difference between the day and night temperatures (DIF) is an efficient horticultural practice to regulate the growth and development of vegetables in a glasshouse. However, little research has focused on how the DIF influences the plug seedling quality of medicinal plants. In this study, uniform plug seedlings were cultivated in three environmentally controlled chambers under an average daily temperature of 20 °C with negative (−10 °C), zero, or positive (+10 °C) DIFs, and the same relative humidity (75%), photoperiod (12 h), and light intensity (150 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density with white LEDs). The results showed that the DIF had a noticeable effect on the growth, development, and morphology of A. membranaceus and C. lanceolata plug seedlings. The positive DIF (+10 °C) significantly increased the biomass (shoot, root, and leaf), stem diameter, and Dickson’s quality index, indicating an enhanced plug seedling quality. Moreover, the contents of primary and secondary metabolites, including soluble sugar, starch, total phenols and flavonoids, were higher with higher DIFs, where the maximum values were found at 0 °C or +10 °C DIF. Furthermore, the increases in the chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance were obtained in a positive DIF, indicating that a positive DIF was favorable to photosynthesis. An analysis of the gene expression showed that a positive DIF (+10 °C) up-regulated the expression of photosynthetic genes, including GBSS, RBCL, and FDX. In conclusion, the results of this study recommend a positive DIF (+10 °C) for enhancing the quality of A. membranaceus and C. lanceolata plug seedlings.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Combined with Supplemental Light Improve Growth and Quality of Plug Seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f.

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Ya Liu ◽  
Xiuxia Ren ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Astragalus Membranaceus ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Codonopsis Lanceolata ◽  
Supplemental Lighting ◽  
Enriched Co2

Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f. are two medicinal species used to remedy inflammation, tumor, and obesity in Eastern medicine. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and supplemental lighting are two methods to enhance the growth, yield, and quality of crops. However, few studies have focused on the synergistic effects of CO2 and the supplemental light source on plug seedlings of medicinal species. In this study, uniform seedlings were grown with no supplemental light (the control) or under one of three supplemental light sources [high pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH), or mixed light-emitting diodes (LEDs)] combined with one of three levels of CO2 (350, 700, or 1050 μmol·mol−1). The supplemental light (100 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density) and CO2 were provided simultaneously from 10:00 pm to 2:00 am every day. The results showed that the supplemental lighting (LEDs, MH, and HPS) greatly improved the seedling quality with greater dry weights (of the shoot, root, and leaf), stem diameter, leaf area, and Dickson’s quality index (DQI) than those of the control in both species. An enriched CO2 at 1050 μmol·mol−1 accelerated the growth and development of plug seedlings, evidenced by the increased root and leaf dry weights, stem diameter, and DQI compared to the those from the other two CO2 enrichment levels. Moreover, LEDs combined with 1050 μmol·mol−1 CO2 not only increased the contents of soluble sugars but also the starch content. However, an enriched CO2 at 700 μmol·mol−1 was more suitable for the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids. Furthermore, LEDs combined with 700 or 1050 μmol·mol−1 CO2 increased the chlorophyll, quantum yield, and stomatal conductance at daytime and nighttime for A. membranaceus and C. lanceolata, respectively. In conclusion, the data suggest that LEDs combined with CO2 at 1050 μmol·mol−1 is recommended for enhancing the growth and development of plug seedlings of A. membranaceus and C. lanceolata.

scholarly journals Supplementary Light Source Affects the Growth and Development of Codonopsis lanceolata Seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuxia Ren ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
Hai Jeong ◽  
Byoung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Codonopsis Lanceolata ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Supplementary Lighting

Codonopsis lanceolata is widely used in traditional medicine and diets. However, there is no optimal protocol for the commercial production of C. lanceolata seedlings. This study was carried out to find the optimum supplementary light source for the production of C. lanceolata seedlings. Seedlings were grown for four weeks in a glasshouse with an average daily light intensity of 490 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) coming from the sun and a 16-h daily supplementary lighting at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD from either high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH), far-red (FR), white LED (LED-w), or mixed (white: red: blue = 1:2:1) LEDs (LED-mix). The results showed that the greatest total biomass, stem diameter, ratio of shoot weight to shoot length, root biomass, and ratio of root weight to shoot weight were found in seedlings grown under supplementary LED-mix. Meanwhile, the stomatal properties and soluble sugar contents were improved for seedlings in LED-mix. The contents of starch, total phenols, and flavonoids were the greatest for seedlings in LED-w and LED-mix. The expression of photosynthetic proteins and genes in seedlings was also enhanced by LED-mix. Overall, these results suggest that LED-mix is advantageous to the photosynthetic potential and the accumulation of biomass, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites in C. lanceolata.

scholarly journals Effect of Pre-Harvest Supplemental UV-A/Blue and Red/Blue LED Lighting on Lettuce Growth and Nutritional Quality

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Triston Hooks ◽  
Joseph Masabni ◽  
Ling Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Supplemental Lighting

Blue light and ultra-violet (UV) light have been shown to influence plant growth, morphology, and quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-harvest supplemental lighting using UV-A and blue (UV-A/Blue) light and red and blue (RB) light on growth and nutritional quality of lettuce grown hydroponically in two greenhouse experiments. The RB spectrum was applied pre-harvest for two days or nights, while the UV-A/Blue spectrum was applied pre-harvest for two or four days or nights. All pre-harvest supplemental lighting treatments had a same duration of 12 h with a photon flux density (PFD) of 171 μmol m−2 s−1. Results of both experiments showed that pre-harvest supplemental lighting using UV A/Blue or RB light can increase the growth and nutritional quality of lettuce grown hydroponically. The enhancement of lettuce growth and nutritional quality by the pre-harvest supplemental lighting was more effective under low daily light integral (DLI) compared to a high DLI and tended to be more effective when applied during the night, regardless of spectrum.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplementary Light Source on Quality of Grafted Tomato Seedlings and Expression of Two Photosynthetic Genes

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wei ◽  
Jiangtao Hu ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Mengzhao Wang ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
White Leds ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Photosynthetic Genes ◽  
Supplementary Lighting

Supplementary lighting is commonly used in high-quality seedling production. In this study, grafted tomato seedlings were grown for 10 days in a glasshouse with 16-h daily supplementary lighting at 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD (Photosynthetic photon flux density) from either high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH), far-red (FR), white LEDs (Light emitting diodes) (W), or mixed LEDs (W1R2B1, where the subscript numbers indicate the ratio of the LED chips) to determine which light sources improve the seedling quality. The control seedlings did not receive any supplementary light. Physiological parameters and the expression of genes related to photosynthesis were analyzed. The results showed that root length, biomass, number of leaves, chlorophyll (SPAD), scion dry weight to height ratio (WHR), and specific leaf weight (SLW) were the greatest for grafted seedlings grown in W1R2B1. The level of root ball formation was the greatest for seedlings grown in W1R2B1, followed by those grown in W, HPS, and MH. Seedlings grown in FR did not fare well, as they were very thin and weak. Moreover, the expression of two photosynthetic genes (PsaA and PsbA) was significantly increased by W1R2B1 and W, which suggests that the plastid or nuclear genes might be regulated. The overall results suggest that W1R2B1 was the most suitable light source to enhance the quality of grafted tomato seedlings. The results of this study could be used as a reference for seedling production in glasshouses, and may provide new insights in the research on lights affecting the development of plants.

scholarly journals Critical Photoperiod and Optimal Quality of Night Interruption Light for Runner Induction in June-Bearing Strawberries

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1996
Author(s):  
Yali Li ◽  
Jie Xiao ◽  
Jiangtao Hu ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Closed Walk ◽  
White Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Optimal Quality

The optimal photoperiod and light quality for runner induction in strawberries ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’ were investigated. Two experiments were carried out in a semi-closed walk-in growth chamber with 25/15 °C day/night temperatures and a light intensity of 250 μmol·m–2·s–1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided from white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In the first experiment, plants were treated with a photoperiod of either 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22 h In the second experiment, a total of 4 h of night interruption (NI) light at an intensity of 70 μmol·m–2·s–1PPFD provided from either red, blue, green, white, or far-red LED in addition to 11 h short day (SD). The results showed that both ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’ produced runners when a photoperiod was longer than 16 h, and the number of runners induced positively correlated with the length of photoperiod. However, the plant growth, contents of chlorophyll, sugar and starch, and Fv/Fo decreased in a 22 h photoperiod. All qualities of the NI light, especially red light, significantly increased the number of runners and daughter plants induced per plant as compared with those in the SD treatment in both cultivars. In a conclusion, a photoperiod between 16 and 20 h and NI light, especially red NI light, can be used for quality runner induction in both ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’.

scholarly journals Spectral Characterization of Difusse Par Irradiance under Tipuana Tipu Shading

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gonzalo GURREA-YSASI ◽  
Vicente BLANCA ◽  
Ana FITA ◽  
Jaime PROHENS ◽  
Inmaculada FITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Common Tree ◽  
Soil Level

Tipa (Tipuana tipu) is a common tree in gardens and carparks, although the shading effect of its canopy must be still characterised to assess the decrease of temperature and quality of irradiance. This work is a preliminary study aimed to assess the effect of shading of tree canopies on the diffuse irradiance pattern received at the soil level in comparison to other conditions. The shade provided by a group of Tipa trees, located at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain), was evaluated in this experiment and compared to cloudy days and direct sun. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and red/near infrared ratios were recorded with a portable spectrometer. Measurements were recorded in January and February 2017, at 10h, 13h and 16h. Depending on the region of the spectrum and time of the day, PPFD values ranged from 0.05 to 0.42, 0.40 to 1.14, and 0.94 to 3.90 μmol·m-2·s-1, for Tipa shade, cloudy days and direct sun, respectively. The spectral analysis of PPFD in cloudy days revealed maximum values in the green region and minimum at near infrared region, while maximum PPFD for tipa shade was mostly found at near infrared, revealing higher importance of this spectral region compared to cloudy days.

The influence of metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps during photoperiod extension on the allocation of carbon between lignin and cellulose in black spruce seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 962-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Jacques Bégin ◽  
Richard Beeson ◽  
Pierre Bellefleur
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Metal Halide ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Seedling Biomass

Containerized black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were grown at the greenhouse at CIP Inc., Harrington, Québec, from February until May, 1987. We wished to test whether differences in the quantity and quality of light received from two commercially available lamps during photoperiod extension would alter the allocation of carbon between lignin and cellulose in shoots and roots. Photoperiods were extended from 17:00 to 01:00 using either metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps together or high-pressure sodium lamps alone. At night, the treatment using both types of lamp together increased the photon flux density of blue light (400–500 nm) at seedling height 10-fold, from 0.32 to 3.2 μE m−2 s−1. Photosynthetically active radiation was increased 4-fold, from 4.5 to 17.9 μE m−2 s−1. Total seedling biomass did not differ statistically between light treatments at any given time. However, seedling biomass averaged over all times was statistically higher (p ≤ 0.03) for seedlings in the treatment using both types of lamp together. Percent lignin, percent cellulose, and lignin to cellulose ratios were not significantly affected by the light source used during photoperiod extension. As expected, percent lignin and percent cellulose in shoots and roots increased significantly with time. The percentage of seedlings judged unacceptable because of spiralized stems was not affected by light source and averaged 21.9%.

scholarly journals Growth and Energy Use Efficiency of Grafted Tomato Transplants as Affected by LED Light Quality and Photon Flux Density

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 816
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Zheng ◽  
Peidian Gan ◽  
Fang Ji ◽  
Dongxian He ◽  
Po Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Led Lights

This study was conducted to compare the effects of broad spectrum during the whole seedling period and photon flux density (PFD) in the healing stage on the growth and energy use efficiency of grafted tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants in a plant factory. Fluorescent lights, white LED lights, and white plus red LED lights were applied at the growth processes of grafted tomato transplants from germination of rootstock and scion to post-grafting. Three levels of PFD (50, 100, 150 μmol m−2 s−1) were set in the healing stage under each kind of light quality. The results indicated that the growth and quality of grafted tomato transplants under different broad spectrums were influenced by the ratio of red to blue light (R/B ratio) and the ratio of red to far-red light (R/FR ratio). A higher R/B ratio was beneficial to total dry matter accumulation, but excessive red light had a negative effect on the root to shoot ratio and the seedling quality index. The higher blue light and R/FR ratio suppressed stem extension synergistically. The LED lights had good abilities to promote plant compactness and leaf thickness in comparison with fluorescent lights. The plant compactness and leaf thickness increased with the increase in daily light integral in the healing stage within a range from 2.5 to 7.5 mol m−2 d−1 (PFD, 50 to 150 μmol m−2 s−1). Compared to fluorescent lights, the LED lights showed more than 110% electrical energy saving for lighting during the whole seedling period. Higher PFD in the healing stage did not significantly increase the consumption of electric power for lighting. White plus red LED lights with an R/B ratio of 1.2 and R/FR ratio of 16 were suggested to replace fluorescent lights for grafted tomato transplants production considering the high quality of transplants and electrical energy saving, and PFD in the healing stage was recommended to be set to 150 μmol m−2 s−1.

scholarly journals Effects of White LED Lighting with Specific Shorter Blue and/or Green Wavelength on the Growth and Quality of Two Lettuce Cultivars in a Vertical Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2111
Author(s):  
Thi Kim Loan Nguyen ◽  
Kye Man Cho ◽  
Hee Yul Lee ◽  
Du Yong Cho ◽  
Ga Oun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vertical Farming

White (W) light-emitting diode (LED) light has been used as an efficient light source for commercial plant cultivation in vertical farming. This study aimed to examine the effect of W LED light sources on the growth and quality of butterhead and romaine lettuce. Three W LED light sources including normal W light (NWL) which has 450 nm as its pumping wavelength and two specific W lights (SWL1 and SWL2) with shorter blue peak wavelength (437 nm) were used to grow lettuce in comparison to a red (R) and blue (B) LED combination. As a result, SWL1 and SWL2 treatments with the same electrical power or photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) resulted in more growth of both lettuce cultivars compared to RB treatment. Some phenolic and flavonol contents were increased in the RB treatment, whereas SWL2 treatment stimulated the accumulation of other phenolic and flavonol compounds. Meanwhile, neither NWL nor SWL1 treatments increased the individual phenolic and flavonol contents in either cultivar (except for some flavonols in romaine lettuce in the SWL1 group). In addition, light and energy use efficiencies were also highest in the SWL1 and SWL2 treatments. These results illustrate the positive effects of specific W LED light on lettuce growth and quality, and suggest that the specific W LED light sources, especially SWL2, could be preferably used in vertical farming.

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