scholarly journals The Combined Effect of Weaning Stress and Immune Activation during Pig Gestation on Serum Cytokine and Analyte Concentrations

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2274
Author(s):  
Haley E. Rymut ◽  
Laurie A. Rund ◽  
Courtni R. Bolt ◽  
Maria B. Villamil ◽  
Bruce R. Southey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
And Control ◽  
Metabolic Hormone

Weaning stress can elicit changes in the metabolic, hormone and immune systems of pigs and interact with prolonged disruptions stemming from maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation. The present study advances the characterization of the combined effects of weaning stress and MIA on blood chemistry, immune and hormone indicators that inform on the health of pigs. Three-week-old female and male offspring of control gilts or gilts infected with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus were allocated to weaned or nursed groups. The anion gap and bilirubin profiles suggest that MIA enhances tolerance to the effects of weaning stress. Interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 2 were highest among weaned MIA females, and cortisol was higher among weaned relative to nursed pigs across sexes. Canonical discriminant analysis demonstrated that weaned and nursed pigs have distinct chemistry profiles, whereas MIA and control pigs have distinct cytokine profiles. The results from this study can guide management practices that recognize the effects of the interaction between MIA and weaning stress on the performance and health of pigs.

scholarly journals PSIII-9 Effect of maternal immune activation during gestation on piglets’ cortisol response to stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 191-191
Author(s):  
Courtni R Sizemore ◽  
Haley E Rymut ◽  
Alexandra K Houser ◽  
Laurie A Rund ◽  
Rodney W Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Maternal Immune Activation ◽  
Basal Serum ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Response To Stress

Abstract Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can affect the ability of the offspring to cope with stress such as weaning. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid released in response to stress, is an established indicator of stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cortisol response to weaning stress of offspring exposed to MIA during gestation. Camborough gilts were inseminated at approximately 235 days of age. On gestational day 76, gilts (n = 11) were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) intranasally whereas saline was intranasally administered to Control gilts (n = 7). On postnatal day (PD) 21 approximately half of the male and female piglets remained with sows (suckled) while the rest were weaned. Blood was collected from the piglets prior to weaning on PD21 and at PD22. ELISA was used to measure cortisol in the serum. The analysis of cortisol concentration tested for the fixed effects of gilt treatment (PRRSV or Control), piglet sex (female or male), management (suckled or weaned), day of sampling (PD21 or PD22), interactions, and for Normality assumptions. At PD22 female weaned piglets had a higher level of cortisol when compared to female suckled piglets in both Control (P < 0.05) and PRRSV (P < 0.05). Males exhibited a similar trend that did not reach significance. Cortisol concentrations were lower in male piglets from Control relative to PRRSV-treated gilts and the differences were more pronounced among the suckled group. The results suggest that MIA elevates basal serum cortisol in unstressed males. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, 2018-67015-27413.

scholarly journals PSV-6 Detection of sex-by-maternal immune activation effects on the molecular pathways of the pig amygdala

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 222-222
Author(s):  
Marissa R Keever ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Courtni R Bolt ◽  
Haley E Rymut ◽  
Adrienne M Antonson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
Metabotropic Receptor ◽  
Maternal Immune Activation ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
And Control

Abstract The prolonged and sex-dependent impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the molecular pathways of the amygdala, a brain region that influences social, cognitive, and sexually dimorphic behaviors, is only partially understood. To address this gap, the effect of MIA elicited by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection during gestation on the amygdala transcriptome of pigs was studied. Gene expression levels were measured using RNA-Seq on the amygdala for 3-week-old female and male offspring from MIA and control groups. Among the 328 genes that exhibited an MIA-by-sex effect, the majority annotated to functional categories relevant to behavioral abnormalities, including neuroactive ligand-receptor pathways, glutamatergic functions, and neuropeptide systems. Genes in these categories included corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2, glutamate metabotropic receptor 4, glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, vasointestinal peptide receptor 2, neurotensin, proenkephalin, and gastrin releasing peptide. These genes and functional categories have been associated with MIA-related schizophrenia and autism spectrum behavior disorders. The transcript and network dysregulation uncovered in this study advances the understanding necessary to develop treatments that ameliorate the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by gestational MIA exposure. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.

scholarly journals PSVIII-1 A transcriptomic study of the effect of PRRSV infection during gestation on the piglet amygdala

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 255-256
Author(s):  
Marissa R Keever ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Courtni R Bolt ◽  
Haley E Rymut ◽  
Adrienne M Antonson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
And Control

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economic burden on the swine industry, resulting in losses not only related to animal death but also to reduced offspring productivity. Understanding the underlying molecular pathways that contribute to decreased feed efficiency and behaviors that result in poorer performance is important for the implementation of management practices that aim to mitigate the effects of PRRSV. To uncover the long-term effects of PRRSV infection during gestation, a transcriptome analysis of the amygdala of 22-day-old piglet offspring from maternal PRRSV activated and control gilts was undertaken. Overall, 161 genes were differentially expressed between the PRRSV and control piglet offspring. Many of the genes were over-expressed in pigs from PRRSV compared to control gilts, such as interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 and neuron derived neurotrophic factor. Few genes were under-expressed, including insulin-like growth factor 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1. The detection of these dysregulated genes and the directionality of their differential expression yielded insights into the effects that maternal PRRSV infection has on the neural pathways of the offspring amygdala. This furthers our understanding of molecular processes underlying pathological behaviors that may be exhibited by these pigs, affecting management and production. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Consistent Picture ◽  
And Control ◽  
Good And Evil

The Introduction offers, first, a brief historical background to Hume’s theory of the passions, which is further elaborated in the APPENDIX. Foremost among the theses of the early modern rationalists—like Reynolds, Senault, Descartes, Cudworth, and Clarke—to which Hume is responding are: that many passions left unregulated lead to the pursuit of unsuitable objects, that reason can overcome the pernicious influence of the passions and control our actions, and that the passions are states that represent good and evil. Second, the Introduction presents a sketch of Hume’s characterization of reason and passion and his account of their relationship. Third, it explains the method of interpretation used in this book and previews its chapters. The approach is coherentist: to present an intelligible and consistent picture of Hume’s theory of passion and action, accounting for as many of the relevant texts as possible.

scholarly journals Design, Construction, and Control for an Underwater Vehicle Type Sepiida

Robotica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
M. Garcia ◽  
P. Castillo ◽  
E. Campos ◽  
R. Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Design Construction

SUMMARY A novel underwater vehicle configuration with an operating principle as the Sepiida animal is presented and developed in this paper. The mathematical equations describing the movements of the vehicle are obtained using the Newton–Euler approach. An analysis of the dynamic model is done for control purposes. A prototype and its embedded system are developed for validating analytically and experimentally the proposed mathematical representation. A real-time characterization of one mass is done to relate the pitch angle with the radio of displacement of the mass. In addition, first validation of the closed-loop system is done using a linear controller.

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barizien ◽  
Morgan Le Guen ◽  
Stéphanie Russel ◽  
Pauline Touche ◽  
Florent Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

scholarly journals Purification and characterization of active human interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme from THP.1 monocytic cells.

1993 ◽  
Vol 268 (24) ◽  
pp. 18062-18069 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.K. Miller ◽  
J.M. Ayala ◽  
L.A. Egger ◽  
S.M. Raju ◽  
T.T. Yamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 1 Beta ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Monocytic Cells

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella spp. Strains from Three Poultry Processing Plants in Colombia

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Alejandra Ramirez-Hernandez ◽  
Ana K. Carrascal-Camacho ◽  
Andrea Varón-García ◽  
Mindy M. Brashears ◽  
Marcos X. Sanchez-Plata
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Poultry Processing ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sequence Types

The poultry industry in Colombia has implemented several changes and measures in chicken processing to improve sanitary operations and control pathogens’ prevalence. However, there is no official in-plant microbial profile reference data currently available throughout the processing value chains. Hence, this research aimed to study the microbial profiles and the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in three plants. In total, 300 samples were collected in seven processing sites. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and levels of Enterobacteriaceae were assessed. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was conducted to characterize the isolated strains genotypically. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in each establishment was 77%, 58% and 80% for plant A, B, and C. The mean levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the chicken rinsates were 5.03, 5.74, and 6.41 log CFU/mL for plant A, B, and C. Significant reductions were identified in the counts of post-chilling rinsate samples; however, increased levels were found in chicken parts. There were six distinct Salmonella spp. clusters with the predominant sequence types ST32 and ST28. The serotypes Infantis (54%) and Paratyphi B (25%) were the most commonly identified within the processing plants with a high abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes.

scholarly journals Structural comparison of CD163 SRCR5 from different species sheds some light on its involvement in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfang Ma ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Longguang Jiang ◽  
Songlin Qiao ◽  
Xin-xin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious disease burdening global swine industry. Infection by its etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), shows a highly restricted tropism of host cells and has been demonstrated to be mediated by an essential scavenger receptor (SR) CD163. CD163 fifth SR cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is further proven to play a crucial role during viral infection. Despite intense research, the involvement of CD163 SRCR5 in PRRSV infection remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we prepared recombinant monkey CD163 (moCD163) SRCR5 and human CD163-like homolog (hCD163L1) SRCR8, and determined their crystal structures. After comparison with the previously reported crystal structure of porcine CD163 (pCD163) SRCR5, these structures showed almost identical structural folds but significantly different surface electrostatic potentials. Based on these differences, we carried out mutational research to identify that the charged residue at position 534 in association with the one at position 561 were important for PRRSV-2 infection in vitro. Altogether the current work sheds some light on CD163-mediated PRRSV-2 infection and deepens our understanding of the viral pathogenesis, which will provide clues for prevention and control of PRRS.

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