scholarly journals The Relationship between Clouds Containing Multiple Layers 7.5–30 m Thick and Surface Weather Conditions

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1616
Author(s):  
Emily M. McCullough ◽  
Robin Wing ◽  
James R. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Arctic Clouds ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Rare Phenomena ◽  
Snow Precipitation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measurement Record ◽  
Local Weather

Previous studies have identified finely laminated, or layered, features within Arctic clouds. This study focuses on quasi-horizontal layers that are 7.5 to 30 m thick, within clouds from 0 to 5 km altitude. No pre-selection for any particular cloud types was made prior to the identification of laminations. We capitalize on the 4-year measurement record available from Eureka, Nunavut (79.6∘ N, 85.6∘ W), using the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (CANDAC) Rayleigh–Mie–Raman Lidar (CRL; 1 min, 7.5 m resolution). Laminated features are identified on 18% of all days, from 2016–2019. Their presence is conclusively excluded on 12% of days. March, April, and May have a higher measurement cadence and show laminations on 41% of days. Individual months show laminations on up to 50% of days. Our results suggest that laminations are not rare phenomena at Eureka. To determine laminations’ likely contribution to Arctic weather and climate, local weather reports were obtained from the nearby Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) weather station. Days with laminated clouds are strongly correlated with precipitating snow (r = 0.63), while days with non-laminated clouds (r = −0.40) and clear sky days (r = −0.43) are moderately anti-correlated with snow precipitation.

scholarly journals Finely laminated Arctic mixed-phase clouds occur frequently and are correlated with snow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. McCullough ◽  
Robin Wing ◽  
James R. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Snow Precipitation ◽  
Mixed Phase Clouds ◽  
Local Weather ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract. Finely laminated (multi-layer) clouds, which are strongly correlated with precipitation events, have been detected in 3.5 years of high resolution measurements of Arctic mixed-phase clouds using the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (CANDAC) Rayleigh-Mie-Raman lidar located at Eureka, Nunavut (79.6° N, 85.6° W). Laminated clouds occur on 52 % of days with 24 h measurement coverage from 0–5 km altitude, and on 62 % of cloudy interpretable days. There is an average of 70 laminated cloud days detected per year, with no full year having fewer than 52 detections. Given CRL does not measure on all days of the year, it is probable that the true occurence frequency of laminated clouds at Eureka is much higher. A study was conducted using local weather reports from the nearby Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) weather station. Days with laminated clouds are strongly correlated with snow precipitation, while days with non-laminated clouds and clear sky days are moderately anti-correlated with snow precipitation.

scholarly journals The Study of Refractive–Index Structure Coefficient Behavior Derived from Two Weather Stations at Baghded City

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondos Hassan Jaber
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Index Structure ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Structure Coefficient ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
The Relationship

Refractive –Index Structure Coefficient c_µ^2 behavior derived between horizontal points over at Baghded city was studied during the days containing different weather conditions where we used a horizontal relation to calculate c_µ^2 between two points where we considered the first point Al-Mustansiyah university and the second point Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismic Monitoring (IMOSM). This provided us with data from the automatic weather station installed mounted near (ASB) the height of 4m and the second station was set at a height of 2m. The data recorded were pressure and temperature where we calculated the relationship between the different rates of temperature and distance between the two stations where the distance is 20 km. For the heat of C_(T )^(2 )which when finding its value, the value of C_(µ.)^2 and the period was several days represented by a group of atmospheric phenomena and these days are rainy and foggy and clear sky data taken by what was available from measurement at the station. A relationship was found between C_(µ.)^2. With time and also with temperature and atmospheric pressure and difference in temperature for each hour.

scholarly journals Fail to Yield? An Analysis of Ambulance Crashes in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1566
Author(s):  
Rong-Chang Jou ◽  
Ming-Che Chao
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Emergency Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Mnl Model ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Crash Injuries ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction—Medical emergency vehicles help patients get to the hospital quickly. However, there were more and more ambulance crashes on the road in Taiwan during the last decade. This study investigated the characteristics of medical emergency vehicle crashes in Taiwan from January 2003 to December 2016. Methods—The ordered logit (OL) model, multinominal logit (MNL) model, and partial proportional odds (PPO) model were applied to investigate the relationship between the severity of ambulance crash injuries and its risk factors. Results—We found the various factors have different effects on the overall severity of ambulance crashes, such as ambulance drivers’ characteristics and road and weather conditions. When another car was involved in ambulance crashes, there was a disproportionate effect on the different overall severity, as found by the PPO model. Conclusions—The results showed that male ambulance drivers and car drivers who failed to yield to an ambulance had a higher risk of severe injury from ambulance crashes. Ambulance crashes are an emerging issue and need further policies and public education regarding Taiwan’s ambulance transportation safety.

scholarly journals It’s the Weather: Quantifying the Impact of Weather on Retail Sales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Rose ◽  
Les Dolega
Keyword(s):  
Weather Condition ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
Weather Impact ◽  
High Street ◽  
Sector Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe weather is considered as an influential factor on consumer purchasing behaviours and plays a significant role in many aspects of retail sector decision making. As a result, better understanding of the magnitude and nature of the influence of variable UK weather conditions can be beneficial to many retailers and other stakeholders. This study addresses the dearth of research in this area by quantifying the relationship between different weather conditions and trading outcomes. By employing comprehensive daily sales data for a major high street retailer with over 2000 stores across England and adopting a random forest methodology, the study quantifies the influence of various weather conditions on daily retail sales. Results indicate that weather impact is greatest in the summer and spring months and that wind is consistently found to be the most influential weather condition. The top five most weather-dependent categories cover a range of different product types, with health foods emerging as the most susceptible to the weather. Also, sales from out-of-town stores show a far more complex relationship with the weather than those from traditional high street stores with the regions London and the South East experiencing the greatest levels of influence. Various implications of these findings for retail stakeholders are discussed and the scope for further research outlined.

Sea breeze and local weather conditions in a coastal Mediterranean mountain setting

Weather ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Mora
Keyword(s):  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Local Weather

scholarly journals An analysis of Italian university students’ performance through segmented regression models: gender differences in STEM courses

Genus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Priulla ◽  
Nicoletta D’Angelo ◽  
Massimo Attanasio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Segmented Regression ◽  
Freshmen Students ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis paper investigates gender differences in university performances in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) courses in Italy, proposing a novel application through the segmented regression models. The analysis concerns freshmen students enrolled at a 3-year STEM degree in Italian universities in the last decade, with a focus on the relationship between the number of university credits earned during the first year (a good predictor of the regularity of the career) and the probability of getting the bachelor degree within 4 years. Data is provided by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR). Our analysis confirms that first-year performance is strongly correlated to obtaining a degree within 4 years. Furthermore, our findings show that gender differences vary among STEM courses, in accordance with the care-oriented and technical-oriented dichotomy. Males outperform females in mathematics, physics, chemistry and computer science, while females are slightly better than males in biology. In engineering, female performance seems to follow the male stream. Finally, accounting for other important covariates regarding students, we point out the importance of high school background and students’ demographic characteristics.

How biases in sperm storage relate to sperm use during oviposition in female yellow dung flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Demont ◽  
Paul I Ward ◽  
Wolf U Blanckenhorn ◽  
Stefan Lüpold ◽  
Oliver Y Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Scathophaga Stercoraria ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Copula Duration ◽  
Mixed Paternity ◽  
Paternity Success ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Precise mechanisms underlying sperm storage and utilization are largely unknown, and data directly linking stored sperm to paternity remain scarce. We used competitive microsatellite PCR to study the effects of female morphology, copula duration and oviposition on the proportion of stored sperm provided by the second of two copulating males (S2) in Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae), the classic model for sperm competition studies. We genotyped all offspring from potentially mixed-paternity clutches to establish the relationship between a second male’s stored sperm (S2) and paternity success (P2). We found consistent skew in sperm storage across the three female spermathecae, with relatively more second-male sperm stored in the singlet spermatheca than in the doublet spermathecae. S2 generally decreased with increasing spermathecal size, consistent with either heightened first-male storage in larger spermathecae, or less efficient sperm displacement in them. Additionally, copula duration and several two-way interactions influenced S2, highlighting the complexity of postcopulatory processes and sperm storage. Importantly, S2 and P2 were strongly correlated. Manipulation of the timing of oviposition strongly influenced observed sperm-storage patterns, with higher S2 when females laid no eggs before being sacrificed than when they oviposited between copulations, an observation consistent with adaptive plasticity in insemination. Our results identified multiple factors influencing sperm storage, nevertheless suggesting that the proportion of stored sperm is strongly linked to paternity (i.e., a fair raffle). Even more detailed data in this vein are needed to evaluate the general importance of sperm competition relative to cryptic female choice in postcopulatory sexual selection.

Analog Models for Empirical-Statistical Downscaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Laura Bettolli
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Downscaling ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climate Information ◽  
Analog Method ◽  
Weather Typing ◽  
Regional Climates ◽  
Local Weather

Global climate models (GCM) are fundamental tools for weather forecasting and climate predictions at different time scales, from intraseasonal prediction to climate change projections. Their design allows GCMs to simulate the global climate adequately, but they are not able to skillfully simulate local/regional climates. Consequently, downscaling and bias correction methods are increasingly needed and applied for generating useful local and regional climate information from the coarse GCM resolution. Empirical-statistical downscaling (ESD) methods generate climate information at the local scale or with a greater resolution than that achieved by GCM by means of empirical or statistical relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables and the local observed climate. As a counterpart approach, dynamical downscaling is based on regional climate models that simulate regional climate processes with a greater spatial resolution, using GCM fields as initial or boundary conditions. Various ESD methods can be classified according to different criteria, depending on their approach, implementation, and application. In general terms, ESD methods can be categorized into subgroups that include transfer functions or regression models (either linear or nonlinear), weather generators, and weather typing methods and analogs. Although these methods can be grouped into different categories, they can also be combined to generate more sophisticated downscaling methods. In the last group, weather typing and analogs, the methods relate the occurrence of particular weather classes to local and regional weather conditions. In particular, the analog method is based on finding atmospheric states in the historical record that are similar to the atmospheric state on a given target day. Then, the corresponding historical local weather conditions are used to estimate local weather conditions on the target day. The analog method is a relatively simple technique that has been extensively used as a benchmark method in statistical downscaling applications. Of easy construction and applicability to any predictand variable, it has shown to perform as well as other more sophisticated methods. These attributes have inspired its application in diverse studies around the world that explore its ability to simulate different characteristics of regional climates.

Random serum free cortisol and total cortisol measurements in pediatric septic shock

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 757-762
Author(s):  
Kusum Menon ◽  
Dayre McNally ◽  
Anand Acharya ◽  
Katharine O’Hearn ◽  
Karen Choong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Illness Severity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Prism Score ◽  
Total Cortisol ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Strong Agreement

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between serum total cortisol (TC) and free cortisol (FC) levels in children with septic shock and the relationship of these levels with baseline illness severity. Methods A sub-study of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of hydrocortisone vs. placebo in pediatric septic shock conducted in seven academic pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Canada on children aged newborn to 17 years. Thirty children with septic shock had serum sent for TC and FC measurement within 6 h of meeting the study eligibility criteria. Results Baseline FC and TC levels were strongly correlated with baseline Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score (R2=0.759, p<0.001; R2=0.717, p<0.001) and moderately correlated with admission Vasotropic Inotropic Score (VIS) (R2=0.489, p<0.001; R2=0.316, p<0.001). Serum TC levels were highly correlated with FC levels (R2=0.92, p<0.001) and showed strong agreement (R2=0.98, p<0.001 on a Bland-Altman plot). The ratio of FC to TC moderately correlated with TC levels (R2=0.46, p<0.001) but did not correlate with baseline albumin levels (R2=0.19, p=0.13). Conclusions Random TC and FC levels are strongly correlated, show strong agreement and are reflective of illness severity in children with septic shock. As such, isolated FC measurement does not appear to provide added information relative to TC in acutely ill children with septic shock.

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