scholarly journals Differential Effects of Normoxic versus Hypoxic Derived Breast Cancer Paracrine Factors on Brain Endothelial Cells

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Mariam Rado ◽  
Brian Flepisi ◽  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Dehydrogenases Activity ◽  
The Brain

Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a central nervous system protective barrier formed primarily of endothelial cells that regulate the entry of substances and cells from entering the brain. However, the BBB integrity is disrupted in disease, including cancer, allowing toxic substances, molecules, and circulating cells to enter the brain. This study aimed to determine the mitochondrial changes in brain endothelial cells co-cultured with cancer cells. Method: Brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) were co-cultivated with various concentrations of breast cancer (MCF7) conditioned media (CM) generated under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic conditions (5% O2). The mitochondrial activities (including; dehydrogenases activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and ATP generation) were measured using Polarstar Omega B.M.G-Plate reader. Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was evaluated using the EVOM system, followed by quantifying gene expression of the endothelial tight junction (ETJs) using qPCR. Results: bEnd.3 cells had reduced cell viability after 72 h and 96 h exposure to MCF7CM under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells were hyperpolarized after exposure to the hypoxic MCF7CM (p < 0.0001). However, the normoxic MCF7CM did not significantly affect the state of ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells. ATP levels in bEnd.3 co-cultured with hypoxic and normoxic MCF7CM was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The changes in brain endothelial mitochondrial activity were associated with a decrease in TEER of bEnd.3 monolayer co-cultured with MCF7CM under hypoxia (p = 0.001) and normoxia (p < 0.05). The bEnd.3 cells exposed to MCF7CM significantly increased the gene expression level of ETJs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: MCF7CM modulate mitochondrial activity in brain endothelial cells, affecting the brain endothelial barrier function.

scholarly journals The Effect of Normoxic and Hypoxic U-87 Glioblastoma Paracrine Secretion on the Modulation of Brain Endothelial Cells

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Mariam Rado ◽  
Brian Flepisi ◽  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Paracrine Secretion ◽  
Hypoxic Incubation ◽  
Transendothelial Permeability ◽  
Endothelial Tight Junction

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain tumour, characterized by its ability to secrete factors promoting its virulence. Brain endothelial cells (BECs) in the GBM environment are physiologically modulated. The present study investigated the modulatory effects of normoxically and hypoxically induced glioblastoma U-87 cell secretions on BECs. Methods: Conditioned media (CM) were derived by cultivating U-87 cells under hypoxic incubation (5% O2) and normoxic incubation (21% O2). Treated bEnd.3 cells were evaluated for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), ATP production, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and endothelial tight-junction (ETJ) gene expression over 96 h. Results: The coculture of bEnd.3 cells with U-87 cells, or exposure to either hypoxic or normoxic U-87CM, was associated with low cellular viability. The ΔΨm in bEnd.3 cells was hyperpolarized after hypoxic U-87CM treatment (p < 0.0001). However, normoxic U-87CM did not affect the state of ΔΨm. BEC ATP levels were reduced after being cocultured with U-87 cells, or with hypoxic and normoxic CM (p < 0.05). Suppressed mitochondrial activity in bEnd.3 cells was associated with increased transendothelial permeability, while bEnd.3 cells significantly increased the gene expression levels of ETJs (p < 0.05) when treated with U-87CM. Conclusions: Hypoxic and normoxic glioblastoma paracrine factors differentially suppressed mitochondrial activity in BECs, increasing the BECs’ barrier permeability.

scholarly journals Activation of the S100A7/RAGE Pathway by IGF-1 Contributes to Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Muoio ◽  
Marianna Talia ◽  
Rosamaria Lappano ◽  
Andrew H. Sims ◽  
Veronica Vella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Tube Formation ◽  
Endothelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Er Positive

Background: Breast cancer (BC) mortality is increased among obese and diabetic patients. Both obesity and diabetes are associated with dysregulation of both the IGF-1R and the RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products) pathways, which contribute to complications of these disorders. The alarmin S100A7, signaling through the receptor RAGE, prompts angiogenesis, inflammation, and BC progression. Methods: We performed bioinformatic analysis of BC gene expression datasets from published studies. We then used Estrogen Receptor (ER)-positive BC cells, CRISPR-mediated IGF-1R KO BC cells, and isogenic S100A7-transduced BC cells to investigate the role of IGF-1/IGF-1R in the regulation of S100A7 expression and tumor angiogenesis. To this aim, we also used gene silencing and pharmacological inhibitors, and we performed gene expression and promoter studies, western blotting analysis, ChIP and ELISA assays, endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation assay. Results: S100A7 expression correlates with worse prognostic outcomes in human BCs. In BC cells, the IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling engages STAT3 activation and its recruitment to the S100A7 promoter toward S100A7 increase. In human vascular endothelial cells, S100A7 activates RAGE signaling and prompts angiogenic effects. Conclusions: In ER-positive BCs the IGF-1 dependent activation of the S100A7/RAGE signaling in adjacent endothelial cells may serve as a previously unidentified angiocrine effector. Targeting S100A7 may pave the way for a better control of BC, particularly in conditions of unopposed activation of the IGF-1/IGF-1R axis.

NF-κB is activated and ICAM-1 gene expression is upregulated during reoxygenation of human brain endothelial cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 248 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene F Howard ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Charles Cheng ◽  
James E Carroll ◽  
David Hess
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells

scholarly journals Two peptides targeting endothelial receptors are internalized into murine brain endothelial cells

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249686
Author(s):  
Diána Hudecz ◽  
Sara Björk Sigurdardóttir ◽  
Sarah Christine Christensen ◽  
Casper Hempel ◽  
Andrew J. Urquhart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Murine Brain ◽  
The Brain

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the main obstacles for therapies targeting brain diseases. Most macromolecules fail to pass the tight BBB, formed by brain endothelial cells interlinked by tight junctions. A wide range of small, lipid-soluble molecules can enter the brain parenchyma via diffusion, whereas macromolecules have to transcytose via vesicular transport. Vesicular transport can thus be utilized as a strategy to deliver brain therapies. By conjugating BBB targeting antibodies and peptides to therapeutic molecules or nanoparticles, it is possible to increase uptake into the brain. Previously, the synthetic peptide GYR and a peptide derived from melanotransferrin (MTfp) have been suggested as candidates for mediating transcytosis in brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here we study uptake, intracellular trafficking, and translocation of these two peptides in BECs. The peptides were synthesized, and binding studies to purified endocytic receptors were performed using surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the peptides were conjugated to a fluorophore allowing for live-cell imaging studies of their uptake into murine brain endothelial cells. Both peptides bound to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) and the human transferrin receptor, while lower affinity was observed against the murine transferrin receptor. The MTfp showed a higher binding affinity to all receptors when compared to the GYR peptide. The peptides were internalized by the bEnd.3 mouse endothelial cells within 30 min of incubation and frequently co-localized with endo-lysosomal vesicles. Moreover, our in vitro Transwell translocation experiments confirmed that GYR was able to cross the murine barrier and indicated the successful translocation of MTfp. Thus, despite binding to endocytic receptors with different affinities, both peptides are able to transcytose across the murine BECs.

scholarly journals Endogenous THBD (Thrombomodulin) Mediates Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Brain—Brief Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2837-2844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wenzel ◽  
Dimitrios Spyropoulos ◽  
Julian Christopher Assmann ◽  
Mahtab Ahmad Khan ◽  
Ines Stölting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Stroke Outcome ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Infarct Area ◽  
The Brain

Objective: THBD (thrombomodulin) is part of the anticoagulant protein C-system that acts at the endothelium and is involved in anti-inflammatory and barrier-stabilizing processes. A recombinant soluble form of THBD was shown to have protective effects in different organs, but how the endogenous THBD is regulated during ischemia, particularly in the brain is not known to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of THBD, especially in brain endothelial cells, during ischemic stroke. Approach and Results: To induce ischemic brain damage, we occluded the middle cerebral artery of mice. We found an increased endothelial expression of Thbd in the peri-infarct area, whereas in the core of the ischemic tissue Thbd expression was decreased compared with the contralateral side. We generated a novel Cre/loxP-based mouse line that allows for the inducible deletion of Thbd specifically in brain endothelial cells, which worsened stroke outcome 48 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Unexpectedly, we found no signs of increased coagulation, thrombosis, or inflammation in the brain but decreased vessel diameters and impaired angiogenesis in the peri-infarct area that led to a reduced overall vessel length 1 week after stroke induction. Conclusions: Endogenous THBD acts as a protective factor in the brain during ischemic stroke and enhances vessel diameter and proliferation. These previously unknown properties of THBD could offer new opportunities to affect vessel function after ischemia and thereby improve stroke outcome.

Pleiotrophin Is Highly Produced by Myeloma and Breast Cancer and Transdifferentiates Human Monocytes into Endothelial Cells That Are Incorporated into Tumoral Blood Vessels.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269-1269
Author(s):  
Haiming Chen ◽  
Richard A. Campbell ◽  
Mingjie Li ◽  
Melinda S. Gordon ◽  
Dror Shalitin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Endothelial Gene Expression

Abstract We have previously shown that multiple myeloma (MM) patients express pleiotrophin (PTN) and it is found at high levels in MM serum as well as PTN is a key factor in the transdifferentiation of monocytes into endothelial cells. We determined the level of PTN expression in myeloma and breast cancer and determined whether PTN produced by these tumor cells could induce endothelial cell expression in human monocytes. Both myeloma and breast cancer cells produced high levels of PTN and secreted this growth factor into the culture medium whereas normal bone marrow showed no expression of this protein. Next, MM cell lines, human bone marrow (BM) from MM patients or control subjects or breast cancer cells were cultured with CD14+ PBMCs using transwell culture plates coated with collagen I. CD14+ monocytes exposed to cells from MM cell lines or fresh BM or breast cancer cells showed expression of endothelial genes (Flk-1, Tie-2, CD144, and vWF) and lost expression of monocyte genes (c-fms). Induction of endothelial gene expression was blocked with an anti-PTN antibody. In contrast, CD14+ cells exposed to normal bone marrow as well as cell lines lacking PTN expression did not show endothelial gene expression. We determined whether human monocytes could be incorporated in vivo as vascular endothelium within human tumors that express PTN. Human myeloma LAGλ-1 cells which highly express and secrete PTN were mixed with THP1 monocytes transduced with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and injected subcutaneously into SCID mice. Mice were sacrificed 6 weeks later and tumor was fixed and frozen sections. MM cells or THP1 monocytes alone did not demonstrate the presence of GFP+ blood vessels. Notably, GFP+ THP1 cells were found in blood vessels within the PTN-expressing LAGλ-1 tumor in animals injected with both cells together. When GFP+h2Kd- blood vessels were stained for anti-human and anti-mouse CD31, 60% of the endothelial cells stained positive for human CD31 and the remaining cells stained positive for mouse CD31 whereas none of these cells stained positive for both mouse and human markers. These results show that the blood vessels containing GFP+ cells do not result from fused cells. In addition, an anti-PTN antibody but not control IgG antibody blocks the incorporation of GFP+ cells into the vasculature of the LAGλ-1 tumors. Staining of serial sections with anti-Tie-2 and CD31 antibodies showed a similar distribution pattern. We further examined endothelial gene expression in these in vivo-generated samples using RT-PCR. The results showed that the THP1 monocytes or LAGλ-1 tumor cells alone did not express endothelial genes whereas THP1 monocytes mixed with PTN-expressing LAGλ-1 showed endothelial gene expression. This endothelial gene expression was blocked by anti-PTN antibody. These data show that hematologic and solid tumors through expression of PTN support new blood vessel formation by the transdifferentiation of monocytes into endothelial cells and provide a new potential target for inhibiting blood vessel formation in solid and liquid tumors.

scholarly journals Interaction between Endothelial Protein C Receptor and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 to Mediate Binding of Plasmodium falciparum -Infected Erythrocytes to Endothelial Cells

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Avril ◽  
Maria Bernabeu ◽  
Maxwell Benjamin ◽  
Andrew Jay Brazier ◽  
Joseph D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Protein C Receptor ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Cd36 Expression ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) are candidate receptors for the deadly complication cerebral malaria. However, it remains unclear if Plasmodium falciparum parasites with dual binding specificity are involved in cytoadhesion or different parasite subpopulations bind in brain microvessels. Here, we investigated this issue by studying different subtypes of ICAM-1-binding parasite lines. We show that two parasite lines expressing domain cassette 13 (DC13) of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family have dual binding specificity for EPCR and ICAM-1 and further mapped ICAM-1 binding to the first DBLβ domain following the PfEMP1 head structure in both proteins. As PfEMP1 head structures have diverged between group A (EPCR binders) and groups B and C (CD36 binders), we also investigated how ICAM-1-binding parasites with different coreceptor binding traits influence P. falciparum -infected erythrocyte binding to endothelial cells. Whereas levels of binding to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated endothelial cells from the lung and brain by all ICAM-1-binding parasite lines increased, group A (EPCR and ICAM-1) was less dependent than group B (CD36 and ICAM-1) on ICAM-1 upregulation. Furthermore, both group A DC13 parasite lines had higher binding levels to brain endothelial cells (a microvascular niche with limited CD36 expression). This study shows that ICAM-1 is a coreceptor for a subset of EPCR-binding parasites and provides the first evidence of how EPCR and ICAM-1 interact to mediate parasite binding to both resting and TNF-α-activated primary brain and lung endothelial cells. IMPORTANCE Cerebral malaria is a severe neurological complication of P. falciparum infection associated with infected erythrocyte (IE) binding in cerebral vessels. Yet little is known about the mechanisms by which parasites adhere in the brain or other microvascular sites. Here, we studied parasite lines expressing group A DC13-containing PfEMP1 variants, a subset that has previously been shown to have high brain cell- and other endothelial cell-binding activities. We show that DC13-containing PfEMP1 variants have dual EPCR- and ICAM-1-binding activities and that both receptors are involved in parasite adherence to lung and brain endothelial cells. As both EPCR and ICAM-1 are implicated in cerebral malaria, these findings suggest the possibility that parasites with dual binding activities are involved in parasite sequestration to microvascular beds with low CD36 expression, such as the brain, and we urge more research into the multiadhesive properties of PfEMP1 variants.

scholarly journals IL-6 stimulates a concentration-dependent increase in MCP-1 in immortalised human brain endothelial cells

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Min Choi ◽  
Odunayo O. Rotimi ◽  
Simon J. O'Carroll ◽  
Louise F.B. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain

Systemic inflammation is associated with neurodegeneration, with elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) in particular being correlated with an increased risk of dementia. The brain endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB) serve as the interface between the systemic circulation and the brain microenvironment and are therefore likely to be a key player in the development of neuropathology associated with systemic inflammation. Endothelial cells are known to require soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in order to respond to IL-6, but studies in rat models have shown that this is not the case for brain endothelial cells and studies conducted in human cells are limited. Here we report for the first time that the human cerebral microvascular cell line, hCMVEC, uses the classical mIL-6R signalling pathway in response to IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by the production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1). This novel finding highlights a unique characteristic of human brain endothelial cells and that further investigation into the phenotype of this cell type is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of BBB pathology in inflammatory conditions.

scholarly journals The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Lampe ◽  
Jan Wenzel ◽  
Helge Müller-Fielitz ◽  
Kristin Müller ◽  
Raphael Schuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Microvascular Pathology ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients are partially due to damage to small vessels. However, the potential mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells express SARS-CoV-2 receptors. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) cleaves NEMO, the essential modulator of NF-κB signaling. By ablating NEMO, Mpro induces the death of human brain endothelial cells and a microvascular pathology in mice that is similar to what we find in the brain of COVID-19 patients. Importantly, the inhibition of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3, a mediator of regulated cell death, blocks the vessel rarefaction and disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to NEMO ablation. Our data suggest RIPK as a therapeutic target to treat the neuropathology of COVID-19.

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