scholarly journals Recent Progress in the Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil for Hydrogen Production: A Review of Operating Parameters, Catalytic Systems and Technological Innovations

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1526
Author(s):  
Anastasia Pafili ◽  
Nikolaos D. Charisiou ◽  
Savvas L. Douvartzides ◽  
Georgios I. Siakavelas ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Coke Deposition ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Major Factors

The present review focuses on the production of renewable hydrogen through the catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil, the liquid product of the fast pyrolysis of biomass. Although in theory the process is capable of producing high yields of hydrogen, in practice, certain technological issues require radical improvements before its commercialization. Herein, we illustrate the fundamental knowledge behind the technology of the steam reforming of bio-oil and critically discuss the major factors influencing the reforming process such as the feedstock composition, the reactor design, the reaction temperature and pressure, the steam to carbon ratio and the hour space velocity. We also emphasize the latest research for the best suited reforming catalysts among the specific groups of noble metal, transition metal, bimetallic and perovskite type catalysts. The effect of the catalyst preparation method and the technological obstacle of catalytic deactivation due to coke deposition, metal sintering, metal oxidation and sulfur poisoning are addressed. Finally, various novel modified steam reforming techniques which are under development are discussed, such as the in-line two-stage pyrolysis and steam reforming, the sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) and the chemical looping steam reforming (CLSR). Moreover, we argue that while the majority of research studies examine hydrogen generation using different model compounds, much work must be done to optimally treat the raw or aqueous bio-oil mixtures for efficient practical use. Moreover, further research is also required on the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of the process, as these have not yet been fully understood.

scholarly journals Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation via Oxy–Steam Reforming of Methanol Process

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5601
Author(s):  
Magdalena Mosińska ◽  
Małgorzata I. Szynkowska-Jóźwik ◽  
Paweł Mierczyński
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Methanol Reforming ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Steam Reforming Of Methanol ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

The production of pure hydrogen is one of the most important problems of the modern chemical industry. While high volume production of hydrogen is well under control, finding a cheap method of hydrogen production for small, mobile, or his receivers, such as fuel cells or hybrid cars, is still a problem. Potentially, a promising method for the generation of hydrogen can be oxy–steam-reforming of methanol process. It is a process that takes place at relatively low temperature and atmospheric pressure, which makes it possible to generate hydrogen directly where it is needed. It is a process that takes place at relatively low temperature and atmospheric pressure, which makes it possible to generate hydrogen directly where it is needed. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the catalysts used for the production of hydrogen in the process of the oxy–steam-reforming of methanol (OSRM). The development of innovative energy generation technologies has intensified research related to the design of new catalysts that can be used in methanol-reforming reactions. This review shows the different pathways of the methanol-reforming reaction. The paper presents a comparison of commonly used copper-based catalysts with other catalytic systems for the production of H2 via OSRM reaction. The surface mechanism of the oxy–steam-reforming of methanol and the kinetic model of the OSRM process are discussed.

scholarly journals Nickel Supported on AlCeO3 as a Highly Selective and Stable Catalyst for Hydrogen Production via the Glycerol Steam Reforming Reaction

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos D. Charisiou ◽  
Georgios I. Siakavelas ◽  
Binlin Dou ◽  
Victor Sebastian ◽  
Steven J. Hinder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Coke Deposition ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Basicity ◽  
Ce Modification ◽  
Temperature Programmed

In this study, a critical comparison between two low metal (Ni) loading catalysts is presented, namely Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/AlCeO3 for the glycerol steam reforming (GSR) reaction. The surface and bulk properties of the catalysts were evaluated using a plethora of techniques, such as N2 adsorption/desorption, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–AES), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), CO2 and NH3– Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), and Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2–TPR). Carbon deposited on the catalyst’s surfaces was probed using Temperature Programmed Oxidation (TPO), SEM, and TEM. It is demonstrated that Ce-modification of Al2O3 induces an increase of the surface basicity and Ni dispersion. These features lead to a higher conversion of glycerol to gaseous products (60% to 80%), particularly H2 and CO2, enhancement of WGS reaction, and a higher resistance to coke deposition. Allyl alcohol was found to be the main liquid product for the Ni/AlCeO3 catalyst, the production of which ceases over 700 °C. It is also highly significant that the Ni/AlCeO3 catalyst demonstrated stable values for H2 yield (2.9–2.3) and selectivity (89–81%), in addition to CO2 (75–67%) and CO (23–29%) selectivity during a (20 h) long time-on-stream study. Following the reaction, SEM/EDX and TEM analysis showed heavy coke deposition over the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, whereas for the Ni/AlCeO3 catalyst TPO studies showed the formation of more defective coke, the latter being more easily oxidized.

Biogas Reforming for Hydrogen Production: Performance of Ni/La-Ce-O Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Lidia Pino ◽  
Antonio Vita ◽  
Cristina Italiano ◽  
Concetto Fabiano ◽  
Massimo Laganà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Synergic Effect ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Renewable Source

Biogas, a renewable source of CH4 and CO2, is used for hydrogen generation by tri-reforming reaction; the reaction is a combination of CO2 reforming, steam reforming and partial oxidation of CH4 in a single catalytic step.Several Ni/La-Ce-O mixed oxides, prepared by combustion synthesis, were used as catalysts. The experimental tests, carried out with synthetic biogas at 800°C with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 30000 h-1, were aimed to study the influence of different parameters (amount of La doping, Ni load and feed composition) on the catalysts activity and stability. The synergic effect of nickel-lanthana-surface oxygen vacancies of ceria influences the samples activity.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Generation from Catalytic Steam Reforming Bio-Oil Model Compound—Acetic Acid Employing Ni/attapulgite Catalysts Prepared with Different Preparation Methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishuang Wang ◽  
Mingqiang Chen ◽  
Tian Liang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Zhonglian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Catalytic Steam Reforming

In this research, catalytic steam reforming acetic acid derived from the aqueous portion of bio-oil for hydrogen production was investigated by using different Ni/ATC (Attapulgite Clay) catalysts prepared by precipitation, impregnation and mechanical blending methods. The fresh and reduced catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM and H2-TPR. The comprehensive results demonstrated that the interaction between active metallic Ni and ATC carrier was significantly improved in Ni/ATC catalyst prepared by precipitation method, and in which the mean Ni particle size was the smallest (~13 nm) resulted in the highest metal dispersion (7.5%). The catalytic performance of the three catalysts was evaluated through the process of steam reforming of acetic acid in a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure at two different temperatures, such as 550 ℃ and 650 ℃. Results showed that the Ni/ATC (PM-N/ATC) prepared by precipitation method, achieved the highest H2 yield of ~82% and little lower acetic acid conversion efficiency of ~85% than that (~95%) of Ni/ATC (IM-NATC) prepared by impregnation method. In addition, the deactivation catalysts after reaction for 4 h were analyzed by XRD, TGA-DTG and TEM, which demonstrated that the catalyst deactivation was not caused by the amount of carbon deposition, but owed to the significant agglomeration and sintering of Ni particles in the carrier.

scholarly journals Oxy-Steam Reforming of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) on Mono- and Bimetallic (Ag, Pt, Pd or Ru)/Ni Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Pawel Mierczynski ◽  
Magdalena Mosinska ◽  
Waldemar Maniukiewicz ◽  
Krasimir Vasilev ◽  
Malgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jozwik
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
Ni Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

This work presents, for the first time, the comparative physicochemical and reactivity studies of a range of bimetallic Pt-Ni, Pd-Ni, Ru-Ni, and Ag-Ni catalysts in the oxy-steam reforming (OSR) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) reaction towards hydrogen generation. In order to achieve the intended purpose of this work, a binary oxide CeO2·ZrO2 (1:2) support was prepared via a co-precipitation method. The catalysts’ physicochemical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, TPR-H2, TPD-NH3, SEM-EDS and XPS methods. The highest activity in the studied process was exhibited by the 1%Pt-5%Ni catalyst supported on CeO2·ZrO2 (1:2) system. The highest activity of this system is explained by the specific interactions occurring between the components of the active phase and between the components of the active phase and the carrier itself. The activity results showed that this catalytic system exhibited above 71% of the methane conversion at 600 °C and 60% yield of hydrogen formation. The results of this work demonstrate that the Pt-Ni and Ru-Ni catalytic systems hold promise to be applied in the production of hydrogen to power solid oxide fuel cells.

scholarly journals Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Using Ni-(Cu, Co, Cr)/SBA-15 Catalysts

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Calles ◽  
Alicia Carrero ◽  
Arturo J. Vizcaíno ◽  
Lourdes García-Moreno ◽  
Pedro J. Megía
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Coke Deposition ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Carbon Filaments

Hydrogen obtained from biomass derivatives is considered a promising alternative to fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to test the viability of Ni-M/SBA-15 (M: Co, Cu, Cr) catalysts for the hydrogen production from bio-oil aqueous fraction reforming. Tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor at 600 °C and atmospheric pressure. Firstly, the steam reforming (SR) of acetic acid, hydroxyacetone, furfural and phenol, as representative constituents of the bio-oil aqueous fraction, was carried out. Lower reactivity with increasing carbon number and decreasing steam-to-carbon ratio was observed. Coking rate during SR is a consequence of carbon number and aromaticity of the reactant, as well as the steam-to-carbon ratio. However, deactivation also depends on the graphitization degree of carbon filaments, higher in the case of coke formed from phenol. Then, the performance of the Ni-M/SBA-15 catalysts was studied in the reforming of a bio-oil aqueous fraction surrogate containing the four model compounds. Ni-Co/SBA-15 and Ni-Cr/SBA-15 samples were the most active because Co also catalyze the steam reforming reactions and Cr promotes the formation of very small Ni crystallites accounting for high conversion and the low coke deposition (~8 times lower than Ni/SBA-15) in the form of poorly condensed carbon filaments.

Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Model Compounds of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil

2010 ◽  
Vol 1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lan ◽  
Q. L. Xu ◽  
L. H. Lan ◽  
Y. J. Yan ◽  
J. A. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Liquid Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Catalytic Steam Reforming

AbstractA Ni/MgO-La2O3-Al2O3 catalyst with Ni as active component, Al2O3 as support, MgO and La2O3 as additives was prepared and its catalytic activity was evaluated in the process of hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil. In the catalytic evaluation, some typical components present in bio-oil such as acetic acid, butanol, furfural, cyclopentanone and m-cresol were mixed following a certain proportion as model compounds. Reaction parameters like temperature, steam to carbon molar ratio and liquid hourly space velocity were studied with hydrogen yield as index. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: temperature 750-850 °C, steam to carbon molar ratio 5-9, liquid hourly space velocity 1.5-2.5 h-1. The maximum hydrogen yield was 88.14%. The carbon deposits were formed on the catalyst surface but its content decreased as reaction temperature increased in the bio-oil steam reforming process.

scholarly journals Oligo-Aromatization of Light Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Refining Processes Over ZnO/MFI Microporous Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-412
Author(s):  
Iuliean V. Asaftei ◽  
Ion Sandu ◽  
Nicolae Bilba ◽  
Neculai Catalin Lungu ◽  
Maria Ignat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Petroleum Refining ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Coke Deposition ◽  
Light Hydrocarbons ◽  
Microporous Material ◽  
Alkylation Process

The conversion of light hydrocarbons resulted as by-product of petroleum refining (mixtures of (n + i) butanes, 52.28 � 63.20 vol.%, (1-, cis-, trans-, 2-) butenes, 28.64 � 36.43 vol.% and propane � propylene, 4.79 � 14.64 vol.%) over bifunctional 5% ZnO/HZSM-5 co-catalyst in a fixed-bed stainless-steel reactor (Twin Reactor System Naky) at 450�C, 4 atm. total pressure and at a space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h-1 have been investigated. The results indicate that the selectivity to light aromatics � benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) � and to both the gaseous C1, C2 - C4 hydrocarbons and liquid (i + n) C5 � C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons depends on the time on stream of the process. This is a result of coke deposition (polyunsaturated compounds) and catalyst deactivation. The aromatics BTX represent 59-60 wt% in the liquid product during the first 24-36 hours time-on-stream and only 20-30 wt% after 40 hours of reaction when the aliphatic hydrocarbon C5 � C10 (mostly iso) and ]C10 (denoted �oligo�) reach to 70 � 80 wt%. The aromatic products were principally toluene, xylenes and benzene, theirs concentration varying with the time on stream of the process. The initial aromatization process described as dehydrocyclodimerization of alkanes and alkenes, principally to aromatics BTX and molecular hydrogen is accompanied by an oligomerization, isomerisation, cracking and alkylation process to form finally in the liquid product an excessively mixture of iso- and normal- C5 � C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons and ] C10.

Pyrolysis-catalytic upgrading of bio-oil and pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of biogas: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Abou Rjeily ◽  
Cédric Gennequin ◽  
Hervé Pron ◽  
Edmond Abi-Aad ◽  
Jaona Harifidy Randrianalisoa
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Catalytic Steam Reforming

scholarly journals A Phenomenological Study on the Synergistic Role of Precious Metals and the Support in the Steam Reforming of Logistic Fuels on Monometal Supported Catalysts

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Majeed Azad ◽  
Desikan Sundararajan
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Sulfur Poisoning ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
High Hydrogen

Clean power source utilizing vast logistic fuel reserves (jet fuels, diesel, and coal) would be the main driver in the 21st century for high efficiency. Fuel processors are required to convert these fuels into hydrogen-rich reformate for extended periods in the presence of sulfur, and deliver hydrogen with little or no sulfur to the fuel cell stack. However, the jet and other logistic fuels are invariably sulfur-laden. Sulfur poisons and deactivates the reforming catalyst and therefore, to facilitate continuous uninterrupted operation of logistic fuel processors, robust sulfur-tolerant catalysts ought to be developed. New noble metal-supported ceria-based sulfur-tolerant nanocatalysts were developed and thoroughly characterized. In this paper, the performance of single metal-supported catalysts in the steam-reforming of kerosene, with 260 ppm sulfur is highlighted. It was found that ruthenium-based formulation provided an excellent balance between hydrogen production and stability towards sulfur, while palladium-based catalyst exhibited rapid and steady deactivation due to the highest propensity to sulfur poisoning. The rhodium supported system was found to be most attractive in terms of high hydrogen yield and long-term stability. A mechanistic correlation between the role of the nature of the precious metal and the support for generating clean desulfurized -rich reformate is discussed.

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