scholarly journals Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2975
Author(s):  
Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui ◽  
Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Cross Dressing ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the “cross-dressing” between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.

Mechanical forces and their second messengers in stimulating cell growth in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. R350-R355 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Vandenburgh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Mechanical forces play an important role in modulating the growth of a number of different tissues including skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, bone, endothelium, epithelium, and lung. As interest increases in the molecular mechanisms by which mechanical forces are transduced into growth alterations, model systems are being developed to study these processes in tissue culture. This paper reviews the current methods available for mechanically stimulating tissue cultured cells. It then outlines some of the putative “mechanogenic” second messengers involved in altering cell growth. Not surprisingly, many mechanogenic second messengers are the same as those involved in growth factor-induced cell growth. It is hypothesized that from an evolutionary standpoint, some second messenger systems may have initially evolved for unicellular organisms to respond to physical forces such as gravity and mechanical perturbation in their environment. As multicellular organisms came into existence, they appropriated these mechanogenic second messenger cascades for cellular regulation by growth factors.

scholarly journals COMUNET: a tool to explore and visualize intercellular communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (15) ◽  
pp. 4296-4300
Author(s):  
Maria Solovey ◽  
Antonio Scialdone
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
R Package ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Multiplex Networks ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Abstract Motivation Intercellular communication plays an essential role in multicellular organisms and several algorithms to analyze it from single-cell transcriptional data have been recently published, but the results are often hard to visualize and interpret. Results We developed Cell cOmmunication exploration with MUltiplex NETworks (COMUNET), a tool that streamlines the interpretation of the results from cell–cell communication analyses. COMUNET uses multiplex networks to represent and cluster all potential communication patterns between cell types. The algorithm also enables the search for specific patterns of communication and can perform comparative analysis between two biological conditions. To exemplify its use, here we apply COMUNET to investigate cell communication patterns in single-cell transcriptomic datasets from mouse embryos and from an acute myeloid leukemia patient at diagnosis and after treatment. Availability and implementation Our algorithm is implemented in an R package available from https://github.com/ScialdoneLab/COMUNET, along with all the code to perform the analyses reported here. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Regulation of plasmodesmata at specific cell-cell interfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongpeng Li ◽  
Kyaw Aung
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Cell Cell

AbstractPrecise exchange of information and resources among cells is essential for multicellular organisms. Intercellular communication among diverse cell types requires differential mechanisms to achieve the specific regulation. Despite the significance of intercellular communication, it is largely unknown how the communication between different cells is regulated. Here, we report that two members of plasmodesmata-located proteins modulate plasmodesmata at two distinct cell-cell interfaces.

scholarly journals Evolution of Multicellular Complexity in the Dictyostelid Social Amoebas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koryu Kin ◽  
Pauline Schaap
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Stalk Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Principle ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Multicellularity evolved repeatedly in the history of life, but how it unfolded varies greatly between different lineages. Dictyostelid social amoebas offer a good system to study the evolution of multicellular complexity, with a well-resolved phylogeny and molecular genetic tools being available. We compare the life cycles of the Dictyostelids with closely related amoebozoans to show that complex life cycles were already present in the unicellular common ancestor of Dictyostelids. We propose frost resistance as an early driver of multicellular evolution in Dictyostelids and show that the cell signalling pathways for differentiating spore and stalk cells evolved from that for encystation. The stalk cell differentiation program was further modified, possibly through gene duplication, to evolve a new cell type, cup cells, in Group 4 Dictyostelids. Studies in various multicellular organisms including Dictyostelids, volvocine algae, and metazoans suggest as a common principle in the evolution of multicellular complexity that unicellular regulatory programs for adapting to environmental change serve as “proto-cell types” for subsequent evolution of multicellular organisms. Later, new cell types could further evolve by duplicating and diversifying the “proto-cell type” gene regulatory networks.

scholarly journals Epigenetic inheritance systems contribute to the evolution of a germline

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1701) ◽  
pp. 20150445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lachmann ◽  
Eric Libby
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Epigenetic Markers ◽  
Information Contents ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Differentiation within multicellular organisms is controlled by epigenetic markers transmitted across cell division. The process of differentiation will modify these epigenetic markers so that information that one cell type possesses can be lost in the transition to another. Many of the systems that encode these markers also exist in unicellular organisms but do not control differentiation. Thus, during the evolution of multicellularity, epigenetic inheritance systems were probably exapted for their current use in differentiation. We show that the simultaneous use of an information carrier for differentiation and transmission across generations can lead to the evolution of cell types that do not directly contribute to the progeny of the organism and ergo a germ–soma distinction. This shows that an intrinsic instability during a transition from unicellularity to multicellularity may contribute to widespread evolution of a germline and its maintenance, a phenomenon also relevant to the evolution of eusociality. The difference in epigenetic information contents between different cell lines in a multicellular organism is also relevant for the full-success cloning of higher animals, as well as for the maintenance of single germlines over evolutionary timescales. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The major synthetic evolutionary transitions’.

scholarly journals COMUNET: a tool to explore and visualize intercellular communication

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Solovey ◽  
Antonio Scialdone
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Multiplex Networks ◽  
Leukemia Patient ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

AbstractIntercellular communication plays an essential role in multicellular organisms and several algorithms to analyse it from single-cell transcriptional data have been recently published, but the results are often hard to visualize and interpret. We developed COMUNET (Cell cOMmunication exploration with MUltiplex NETworks), a tool that streamlines the interpretation of the results from cell-cell communication analyses. COMUNET uses multiplex networks to represent and cluster all potential communication pathways between cell types. The algorithm also enables the search for specific patterns of communication and can perform comparative analysis between two biological conditions.To exemplify its use, here we apply COMUNET to investigate cell communication patterns in single-cell transcriptomic datasets from mouse embryos and from an acute myeloid leukemia patient at diagnosis and after treatment. Our algorithm is available on GitHub, along with all the code to perform the analysis reported.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles: mediators of intercellular communication in tissue injury and disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Berumen Sánchez ◽  
Kaitlyn E. Bunn ◽  
Heather H. Pua ◽  
Marjan Rafat
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
High Prevalence

AbstractIntercellular communication is a critical process that ensures cooperation between distinct cell types and maintains homeostasis. EVs, which were initially described as cellular debris and devoid of biological function, are now recognized as key components in cell–cell communication. EVs are known to carry multiple factors derived from their cell of origin, including cytokines and chemokines, active enzymes, metabolites, nucleic acids, and surface molecules, that can alter the behavior of recipient cells. Since the cargo of EVs reflects their parental cells, EVs from damaged and dysfunctional tissue environments offer an abundance of information toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms of various diseases and pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding the role of EVs in the progression of cancer, metabolic disorders, and inflammatory lung diseases given the high prevalence of these conditions worldwide and the important role that intercellular communication between immune, parenchymal, and stromal cells plays in the development of these pathological states. We also consider the clinical applications of EVs, including the possibilities for their use as novel therapeutics.

Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

The Major Transitions in Evolution

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maynard Smith ◽  
Eors Szathmary
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Transition ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
History Of ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Over the history of life there have been several major changes in the way genetic information is organized and transmitted from one generation to the next. These transitions include the origin of life itself, the first eukaryotic cells, reproduction by sexual means, the appearance of multicellular plants and animals, the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies, and the unique language ability of humans. This ambitious book provides the first unified discussion of the full range of these transitions. The authors highlight the similarities between different transitions--between the union of replicating molecules to form chromosomes and of cells to form multicellular organisms, for example--and show how understanding one transition sheds light on others. They trace a common theme throughout the history of evolution: after a major transition some entities lose the ability to replicate independently, becoming able to reproduce only as part of a larger whole. The authors investigate this pattern and why selection between entities at a lower level does not disrupt selection at more complex levels. Their explanation encompasses a compelling theory of the evolution of cooperation at all levels of complexity. Engagingly written and filled with numerous illustrations, this book can be read with enjoyment by anyone with an undergraduate training in biology. It is ideal for advanced discussion groups on evolution and includes accessible discussions of a wide range of topics, from molecular biology and linguistics to insect societies.

Freezing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Hysteresis ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Cellular Dehydration ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Cell Cytosol ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Freezing is a widespread ecological challenge, affecting organisms in over half the terrestrial environment as well as both polar seas. With very few exceptions, if a cell freezes internally, it dies. Polar teleost fish in shallow waters avoid freezing by synthesising a range of protein or glycoprotein antifreezes. Terrestrial organisms are faced with a far greater thermal challenge, and exhibit a more complex array of responses. Unicellular organisms survive freezing temperatures by preventing ice nucleating within the cytosol, and tolerating the cellular dehydration and membrane disruption that follows from ice forming in the external environment. Multicellular organisms survive freezing temperatures by manipulating the composition of the extracellular body fluids. Terrestrial organisms may freeze at high subzero temperatures, often promoted by ice nucleating proteins, and small molecular mass cryoprotectants (often sugars and polyols) moderate the osmotic stress on cells. A range of chaperone proteins (dehydrins, LEA proteins) help maintain the integrity of membranes and macromolecules. Thermal hysteresis (antifreeze) proteins prevent damaging recrystallisation of ice. In some cases arthropods and higher plants prevent freezing in their extracellular fluids and survive by supercooling. Vitrification of extracellular water, or of the cell cytosol, may be a more widespread response to very cold temperatures than recognised to date.

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