scholarly journals A Review of Green Scale Inhibitors: Process, Types, Mechanism and Properties

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 928
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Jafar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Scale Inhibition ◽  
Green Scale Inhibitors ◽  
Shed Light

In the present time, more often, it has been seen that scaling has grown as widely and caused problems in the oilfield industry. Scaling is the deposition of various salts of inorganic/organic materials due to the supersaturation of salt-water mixtures. Many works have been proposed by researchers using different methods to solve the problem, of which scale inhibition is one of them. The scale inhibitors, particularly for antiscaling, have derived from natural and synthetic polymers. Among different polymers, inorganic and organic compounds (polyphosphates, carboxylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), etc.) can effectively manage the oilfield scales of which many are toxic and expansive. Scale inhibitors of alkaline earth metal carbonate and sulfates and transition metal sulfide are commonly used in oilfield applications. Scale inhibition of metallic surfaces is an essential activity in technical, environmental, economic, and safety purposes. Scale inhibitors containing phosphorus appear to have significant achievements in the inhibition process despite its toxicity. However, phosphorus-based inhibitors can serve as supplements prompting eutrification difficulties. Besides these increasing environmental concerns, green scale inhibitors are renewable, biodegradable, and ecologically acceptable that has been used to prevent, control, and retard the formation of scale. Considering the facts, this review article summarized the concept of scale, various green scale inhibitors, types, mechanisms, comparative performance, significance, and future aspects of green scale inhibitors, which will shed light and be helpful for the professionals working in the oil and gas industries.

scholarly journals Structure-property Relationship of Flavonoids as Potential Green Inhibitors for Oilfield Scales: A Mini-review

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Dominica Una ◽  
Dulu Appah ◽  
Joseph Amieibibama ◽  
William Iheanyi Eke ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Scale Inhibition ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Green Scale Inhibitors ◽  
Good Scale

Scale deposits are a significant flow assurance issue in oil and gas operation with huge financial consequences. Not only does scaling drastically impair well performance, but it also has the potential to permanently destroy formation and equipment. Scale inhibitors are commonly used to prevent the accumulation of scales. A good scale inhibitor should be stable at the minimum effective inhibitor concentration under imposed operating conditions without interfering with or being affected by other chemical additives. However, most conventional scale inhibitors that possess these attributes, do not meet environmental restrictions which make them unfavorable for continuous application, prompting the industry to focus more on developing eco-friendly substitutes. This paper reviews the various types of scale inhibitors and general scale inhibition mechanism, summarizes scale concepts and ultimately, assesses the potential of flavonoids from natural plants as potential green scale inhibitors.

A green approach to green-conversion material and green-agriculture: alkaline-earth metal sulfide phosphors

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (37) ◽  
pp. 9631-9636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxian Qiu ◽  
Tingting Luo ◽  
Jilin Zhang ◽  
Wenli Zhou ◽  
Liping Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal ◽  
Laminated Glass ◽  
Green Approach

Green-conversion phosphor was prepared through a green IPTM approach and fabricated into laminated glass as a permanent sunlight conversion greenhouse device.

A Novel Corrosion Monitoring and Prediction System Utilizing Advanced Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemens Katterbauer ◽  
Waleed Dokhon ◽  
Fahmi Aulia ◽  
Mohanad Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Data Driven Approach

Abstract Corrosion in pipes is a major challenge for the oil and gas industry as the metal loss of the pipe, as well as solid buildup in the pipe, may lead to an impediment of flow assurance or may lead to hindering well performance. Therefore, managing well integrity by stringent monitoring and predicting corrosion of the well is quintessential for maximizing the productive life of the wells and minimizing the risk of well control issues, which subsequently minimizing cost related to corrosion log allocation and workovers. We present a novel supervised learning method for a corrosion monitoring and prediction system in real time. The system analyzes in real time various parameters of major causes of corrosion such as salt water, hydrogen sulfide, CO2, well age, fluid rate, metal losses, and other parameters. The data are preprocessed with a filter to remove outliers and inconsistencies in the data. The filter cross-correlates the various parameters to determine the input weights for the deep learning classification techniques. The wells are classified in terms of their need for a workover, then by the framework based on the data, utilizing a two-dimensional segmentation approach for the severity as well as risk for each well. The framework was trialed on a probabilistically determined large dataset of a group of wells with an assumed metal loss. The framework was first trained on the training dataset, and then subsequently evaluated on a different test well set. The training results were robust with a strong ability to estimate metal losses and corrosion classification. Segmentation on the test wells outlined strong segmentation capabilities, while facing challenges in the segmentation when the quantified risk for a well is medium. The novel framework presents a data-driven approach to the fast and efficient characterization of wells as potential candidates for corrosion logs and workover. The framework can be easily expanded with new well data for improving classification.

scholarly journals A Novel Low-Temperature Non-Corrosive Sulfate/Sulfide Scale Dissolver

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2455
Author(s):  
Hany Gamal ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Dhafer Al Shehri ◽  
Mohamed Bahgat
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The oil and gas production operations suffer from scale depositions. The scale precipitations have a damaging impact on the reservoir pores, perforations, downhole and completion equipment, pipeline network, wellhead chokes, and surface facilities. Hydrocarbon production possibly decreased because of the scale accumulation in the well tubular, leading to a well plugging, this requires wells to be shut-in in severe cases to perform a clean-out job. Therefore, scale deposition is badly affecting petroleum economics. This research aims to design a scale dissolver with low cost, non-damaging for the well equipment and has a high performance at the field operating conditions. This paper presents a novel non-corrosive dissolver for sulfate and sulfide composite scale in alkaline pH and works at low-temperature conditions. The scale samples were collected from a production platform from different locations. A complete description of the scale samples was performed as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The new scale dissolver was prepared in different concentrations to examine its dissolution efficiency for the scale with time at low temperatures. The experimental design studied the solid to fluid ratio, temperature, solubility time, and dissolution efficiency in order to achieve the optimum and most economic performance of solubility in terms of high dissolution efficiency with the smallest possible amount of scale dissolver. A solubility comparison was performed with other commercial-scale-dissolvers and the corrosion rate was tested. The experimental work results demonstrated the superior performance of the new scale dissolver. The new scale dissolver showed a solubility efficiency of 91.8% at a low temperature of 45 °C and 79% at 35 °C. The new scale dissolver showed a higher solubility ratio for the scale sample than the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (20 wt. %), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (20 wt. %), and HCl (10 wt. %). The corrosion rate for the new non-corrosive dissolver was 0.01357 kg/m2 (0.00278 lb./ft²) which was considered a very low rate and non-damaging for the equipment. The low corrosive effect of the new dissolver will save the extra cost of adding the corrosion inhibitors and save the equipment from the damaging effect of the corrosive acids.

Solubility and the periodic table of elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Gumiński
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Metal ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Solubility Data ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Boiling Points

AbstractInteresting general tendencies of changes of solubilities of elements and groups of compounds may be observed when the corresponding solubility data are arrayed according to the increasing atomic number of the elements. Such trends are exemplified with the data of various systems (metallic and salt-water type) evaluated in several volumes of the IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. The solubilities of elements in mercury as well as in liquid alkali metals, when ordered according their atomic numbers, change roughly in a corresponding way as the temperatures and energies of melting or boiling points of the elements. However, majority of transition metals dissolved in alkali metals are subject to some side reactions with nonmetallic impurities that may drastically elevate their concentration levels. The solubilities of intermetallic compounds in mercury depend primarily on the energies of formation of these intermetallics in the binary alloys and then on the dissolution energies of the component metals in mercury. It has been observed that the experimental solubilities of metal halates in water show quite well defined periodical changes. The arrayed solubility data of rare earth metal fluorides and chlorides in water display quite smooth changes with the increasing atomic numbers if the solutes are isomorphic. Some exceptions from the smooth changes for rare earth metal bromides and iodides are explained. These general observations are useful in evaluating and predicting solubilities in experimentally unknown systems.

CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP OF A MAJOR OIL WELL BLOWOUT IN TEXAS

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Quina ◽  
Larry C. Thebeau ◽  
Charles C. Bond ◽  
Patrick Hammack
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Environmental Restoration ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Blowout Preventer ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
Responsible Party

ABSTRACT In November 1985, an estimated 326,000 barrels (13.04 million gallons) of 42 gravity crude oil, 32,600 barrels (1,304,000 gallons) of salt water and paraffin, and 176 million cubic feet of gas were released into the environment from the blowout of the Ray Richey and Co., Inc. well Ora B. Jones #3. The well site is seven miles southeast of Ranger, Texas, in Eastland County. The well was reported to have blown out because of insufficient weight on the formation, or insufficient application of drilling muds, as the drill stem casing was being withdrawn from the well. Fear of upper elevation formation fracturing necessitated the installation of a more versatile blowout preventer (BOP). For about six days, the well emitted a vertical aerosol of oil and gas that reached heights of 75 feet and resulted in the contamination of a one square mile area surrounding the well site. Horizontal diversion of the oil to an adjacent stock pond and diversion of the gas to constructed flare pits was achieved after the higher capacity BOP was installed. Eleven days elapsed before emergency crews were able to divert flow from the well to on-site storage tanks and flare pits. The responsible party assumed full and immediate responsibility for the incident. Contracted cleanup, emergency and site safety crews were on the site within hours of the initial release. This article addresses the activities of the various regulatory agencies involved with the site, and how they interacted with the responsible party's contracted mitigative crews, for what may be considered a model for future oil spills of this type. Cleanup and environmental restoration methodologies also are addressed.

THE DISCOVERY HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OIL FIELD, EAST BATON ROUGE PARISH, LOUISIANA

Geophysics ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-386
Author(s):  
Gordon Atwater
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
State University ◽  
East Baton Rouge Parish ◽  
Louisiana State University ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
The University

The localized occurrence of salt water in shallow wells on and near the Louisiana State University campus, in addition to shells collected during the drilling of these wells, attracted the attention of geologists to this area prior to 1926. A torsion balance survey in 1931 was followed by a dry hole drilled in 1933 southeast of the present field. Three separate reflection seismograph surveys during the period of 1934 to 1937, on each one of which a well was drilled without establishing production, were made on the University structure prior to discovery in 1938. The location based on the first reflection seismograph survey should have resulted in the discovery of both the shallow and deep production, and the discovery location was finally made because of the oil and gas shows encountered in this abandoned test. After discovery, an additional reflection survey was made to detail the structure as an aid in development.

A novel method for crystal control: synthesis and design of strontium carbonate with different morphologies by supported liquid membrane

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Mei Sun ◽  
Qing-Sheng Wu ◽  
Ya-Ping Ding
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Membrane ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Strontium Carbonate ◽  
Supported Liquid Membrane ◽  
Control Synthesis ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Key Factor

A biomimetic supported liquid membrane (SLM) system was employed to control the morphology of strontium carbonate. Some interesting morphologies, including rods, shuttles and spheres, can be readily generated by using citric acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as cooperative modifiers in the mineralization process, under the conditions of pH 10, 0.01% of crystal modifier and ambient temperature. Seeking the cooperative balance of the SLM, the modifier agent and its concentration is the key factor in this system. In addition, this method was successfully applied to the morphology control of other alkaline earth metal carbonates, indicating its general applicability in materials preparation.

scholarly journals Earthquakes and depleted gas reservoirs: which comes first?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 7507-7519
Author(s):  
M. Mucciarelli ◽  
F. Donda ◽  
G. Valensise
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Po Plain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hydrocarbon Traps ◽  
Fold And Thrust Belt ◽  
Depleted Gas Reservoirs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. While scientists are paying increasing attention to the seismicity potentially induced by hydrocarbon exploitation, little is known about the reverse problem, i.e. the impact of active faulting and earthquakes on hydrocarbon reservoirs. The recent 2012 earthquakes in Emilia, Italy, raised concerns among the public for being possibly human-induced, but also shed light on the possible use of gas wells as a marker of the seismogenic potential of an active fold-and-thrust belt. Based on the analysis of over 400 borehole datasets from wells drilled along the Ferrara-Romagna Arc, a large oil and gas reserve in the southeastern Po Plain, we found that the 2012 earthquakes occurred within a cluster of sterile wells surrounded by productive ones. Since the geology of the productive and sterile areas is quite similar, we suggest that past earthquakes caused the loss of all natural gas from the potential reservoirs lying above their causative faults. Our findings have two important practical implications: (1) they may allow major seismogenic zones to be identified in areas of sparse seismicity, and (2) suggest that gas should be stored in exploited reservoirs rather than in sterile hydrocarbon traps or aquifers as this is likely to reduce the hazard of triggering significant earthquakes.

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