scholarly journals Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Complications and Comprehensive Management

Diabetology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Saruar Alam ◽  
Md. Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Sharif Neaz ◽  
Nazmul Hussain ◽  
Md. Faruk Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Diabetes mellitus has become a serious and chronic metabolic disorder that results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, principally characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Uncontrolled high blood sugar can result in a host of diabetic complications. Prolonged diabetes leads to serious complications some of which are life-threatening. The prevalence of diabetes patients is rising at epidemic proportions throughout the world. Every year, a major portion of the annual health budget is spent on diabetes and related illnesses. Multiple risk factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of the disease and turning the disease into an epidemic. Diabetes, for which there is no cure, apparently can be kept under control by maintaining self-care in daily living, effective diabetes education, with comprehensive improvements in knowledge, attitudes, skills, and management. In this review, we focused on the biochemical aspects of diabetes, risk factors including both environmental and genetic, disease complications, diagnosis, management, and currently available medications for the treatment of diabetes.

Problems Of Metabolic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Maksuda Ahmedjanovna Karimova ◽  
◽  
Dilnoza Kakhramanovna Kurbanbaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Life Threatening

At the beginning of the third millennium, for mankind, which overcame the epidemic of life-threatening infections during its centuries-old history, the problem of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) came to the fore in relevance among all causes of morbidity and mortality. A significant role in this was played by lifestyle modification associated with limiting physical activity, increasing the calorie content of food, and a steady increase in emotional stress. All of this potentiates the main risk factors for CVD, which are a “negative asset of progress,” namely increased blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. Since 1988, after G. Reaven's Banting lecture, it is customary to designate the interconnected combination of these pathologies by the single term "metabolic syndrome X".

Review on Mucormycosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Deepthi Somarouthu ◽  
Vasantha Thota ◽  
Kalyani Ampolu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Tissue Necrosis ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Nose And Throat

Mucormycosis is a opportunistic fungal infection that occurs in patients who are immunocompramised. The fungus causing mucormycosis belongs to the class of zygomycetes and the order of mucorales. It is highly life-threatening mycotic infection that is characterised by angioinvasion, infarction, and tissue necrosis. The risk factors include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in ketoacidosis, various forms of metabolic acidosis, treatment with corticosteroids, organ or bone marrow transplantation etc. The diagnosis is challenging and treatment should start as early as possible to decrease mortality. Diagnosis is based on symptoms such as, in case of sinusitis, sinus biopsies are required. Ear, nose and throat endoscopy should be done. Molecular identification of mucormycosis can help in confirming diagnosis and identify the fungus from genus to species level. Different techniques are as follows: DNA probes targeting 18S subunit, ITS1 sequencing after PCR with pan-fungal primers, 18S-targeted semi-nested PCR and real time PCR targeting cytochrome b gene. The therapeutic approach should be multimodal including anti-fungal agents, surgical debridement, and correction of underlying symptoms predisposing the patient to disease.

scholarly journals Diabetes education in Mexico: patient and family

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Aldo Pelcastre Neri ◽  
Vanessa C. de Carranza-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Family System ◽  
Diabetes Education ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽  
Comprehensive Management ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bibliographic Search

Introduction. Despite the efforts to provide care for people with type 2 diabetes by conducting multiple intervention studies to educate people with diabetes mellitus, work still needs to be done to include the family as a strategy to improve disease control. Objective. A systematical review was made with the objective of analyzing educational interventions, implemented in adult people with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Mexico, including their family. Materials and Methods. Bibliographic search was made in CrossRef, Medline (PubMed), EBSCO, SCIELO and UAEH digital library. Results. From the nine articles found, seven mention the importance of the family receiving diabetes education. However, none of them mention the family in educational sessions as part of comprehensive management. Three articles mention the economic impact to the family as an out-of-pocket expense. Conclusions. Educational interventions in diabetes significantly improve the metabolic control of people with diabetes mellitus type 2, however, in Mexico there is no evidence of the inclusion of the family in such interventions, whose importance lies as support within the family system.

scholarly journals Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism: A review

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne L. McLean ◽  
Remo G. Lobetti ◽  
Johan P. Schoeman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Thyroid Adenoma ◽  
Adenomatous Hyperplasia ◽  
Endocrine Disorder ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Euthyroid Goitre

Since first reported in the late 1970s, there has been a steady but dramatic increase in the worldwide prevalence of hyperthyroidism in cats. It is now regarded as the most common feline endocrine disorder, with diabetes mellitus coming a close second. Not only is there evidence for an increased worldwide prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism, but also for geographical variation in the prevalence of the disease. Despite its frequency, the underlying cause(s) of this common disease is or are not known, and therefore prevention of the disease is not possible. Due to the multiple risk factors that have been described for feline hyperthyroidism, however, it is likely that more than one factor is involved in its pathogenesis. Continuous, lifelong exposure to environmental thyroid-disruptor chemicals or goitrogens in food or water, acting together or in an additive fashion, may lead to euthyroid goitre and ultimately to autonomous adenomatous hyperplasia, thyroid adenoma and hyperthyroidism. This review aims to summarise the available published evidence for the changes observed in the worldwide prevalence of the disease, as well as risk factors that may contribute to development of hyperthyroidism in susceptible cats.

scholarly journals Colic in the British military working horse population: a retrospective analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Victoria J Tannahill ◽  
Jacqueline M Cardwell ◽  
Tom H Witte
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
British Military ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Careful Management

Colic is a common and potentially life-threatening condition of horses. Multiple risk factors have been previously identified and it is known that a careful management routine can help reduce colic rates. The British military working horse population represents a unique cohort of horses that are intensively managed with a strict regimen. This retrospective study examined the incidence and mortality rate of colic within this population, as well as the signalment of affected horses, and compared these with the general population. Data for 717 horses over a five-year period (2008–2012) were analysed. Of these, 163 horses (22.7 per cent) experienced 267 colic episodes and 13 horses (1.8 per cent) died because of colic. Recurrent colic was experienced by 35 per cent (57/163) of horses. The incidence of colic was 11.1 episodes per 100 horse-years and of colic-related death was 0.5 deaths per 100 horse-years. Horses purchased from mainland Europe were more likely to suffer from colic (OR 4.6; P<0.001) and from recurrent colic (OR 6.0; P=0.005) than horses purchased from Ireland. Only 3 per cent (8/267) of colic episodes were treated surgically. It was concluded that the incidences of colic and colic-related deaths within the British military working horse population are similar to those of the general horse population.

scholarly journals Incidence of delirium in postoperative patients treated with total knee and hip arthroplasty

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe de Santana Bosmak ◽  
Patrick Teller Gibim ◽  
Sandra Guimarães ◽  
Adriano Luiz Ammirati
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Postoperative Delirium ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Knee And Hip Arthroplasty

Summary Introduction: Delirium is a common disorder that can potentiate mortality and comorbidity rates of patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries, such as knee and hip arthroplasty, are particularly vulnerable as they often have multiple risk factors for this disorder. Method: Descriptive study of the incidence of delirium in patients treated with total knee and hip arthroplasty, given the advanced age and comorbidities in this population. We evaluated the medical records of patients who had previously undergone the designated surgeries for identification of postoperative delirium. Results: We observed in this study an incidence of 8.92% of delirium, mostly affecting females with a mean age of 73 years and hypertension. Conclusion: The incidence of delirium in our study is similar to that observed in the general population, according to the literature. We found no correlation with sleep disorders, smoking or diabetes mellitus in this study, even though the importance of these factors for the onset of delirium is well-established in the literature.

scholarly journals A study of the risk factors of various arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1369
Author(s):  
Puneet Patil ◽  
Aamera Sait ◽  
Dilip Ratan Patil
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
P Value ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Av Block ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Risk

Background: Complications like arrhythmias, cardiac failure, cerebrovascular and mechanical complications. Among these complications, arrhythmias are the most common complication of acute myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to study the risk factors of various arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods: Present study was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at department of General Medicine of a tertiary care hospital for a period of two years among 102 patients. Detailed history, clinical examination, investigation was done. All patients were followed for one year to assess the outcome among them. All data was entered in the Microsoft Excel worksheet and analyzed using proportions.Results: Arrhythmias were more common with low ejection fraction (72.73%). The overall mortality was 7.84%. Ventricular fibrillation was seen in 50% of the patients who did not receive thrombolytic therapy. First-degree AV block and second-degree AV block were present in 6.25% and 7.50% respectively and did not affect the mortality while complete heart block was present in 8.75% and mortality rate of 28.57% with right ventricular involvement. Risk factors like smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity had higher incidence of arrhythmias but was not found to have any statistical significance (p >0.05). However, patients having multiple risk factors strongly associated with the high mortality in statistically significant manner (p value 0.0006).Conclusions: Patients with risk factors like smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity had higher incidence of arrhythmias. Multiple risk factors increase the incidence of both arrhythmias and mortality (67% mortality with 4 risk factors and 75% mortality with 5 risk factors).

scholarly journals Vitamin D Deficiency Is Significantly Associated with Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
José M. Castillo-Otí ◽  
Ana I. Galván-Manso ◽  
María R. Callejas-Herrero ◽  
Luís A. Vara-González ◽  
Fernando Salas-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Control Study

Aim: Results from meta-analyses point to an association between vitamin D deficiency and the onset of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the association of vitamin D for the development of DR and to determine the levels of vitamin D associated with a greater risk of DR. Methods: Between November 2013 and February 2015, we performed a case-control study based on a sample of patients with diabetes in Spain. The study population comprised all patients who had at least one evaluable electroretinogram and recorded levels of 25(OH)D. We collected a series of analytical data: 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, calcium, albumin, and HbA1c. Glycemic control was evaluated on the basis of the mean HbA1c values for the period 2009–2014. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with DR. Results: The final study sample comprised 385 patients, of which 30 (7.8%) had DR. Significant differences were found between patients with and without DR for age (69.54 vs. 73.43), HbA1c (6.68% vs. 7.29%), years since diagnosis of diabetes (10.9 vs. 14.17), level of 25(OH)D (20.80 vs. 15.50 ng/mL), level of 1,25(OH)2D (35.0 vs. 24.5 pg/mL), treatment with insulin (14.9% vs. 56.7%), hypertension (77.7% vs. 100%), cardiovascular events (33.2% vs. 53.3%), and kidney failure (22.0% vs. 43.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the factors identified as independent risk factors for DR were treatment of diabetes (p = 0.001) and 25(OH)D (p = 0.025). The high risk of DR in patients receiving insulin (OR 17.01) was also noteworthy. Conclusions: Levels of 25(OH)D and treatment of diabetes were significantly associated with DR after adjusting for other risk factors. Combined levels of 25(OH)D < 16 ng/mL and levels of 1,25(OH)2D < 29 pg/mL are the variables that best predict the risk of having DR with respect to vitamin D deficiency. The risk factor with the strongest association was the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was particularly true for patients receiving insulin, who had a greater risk of DR than those receiving insulin analogues. However, further studies are necessary before a causal relationship can be established.

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